Chapter 17

inflation

a rise in prices and a decrease in the value of money

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force

Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Then, make a list of the major events of the years 1863-1865 of the Civil War. Indicate the importance of each.

Early in 1863, Grant's forces tried again and again to seize Vicksburg. The Confederates held out bravely. On July 9, Union forces also captured Port Hudson, Louisiana. The entire Mississippi was now under Union control On June 30, 1863, a Union force under General George C. Meade met part of Lee's army at the small town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Both sides quickly sent in reinforcements. The three-day Battle of Gettysburg that followed was one of the most important battles of the Civil War. In 1864, President Lincoln had appointed Ulysses S. Grant commander in chief of the Union army. Sheridan obeyed. In the summer and fall of 1864, he marched through the valley, destroying farms and livestock. During the campaign, Sheridan's troops burned 2,000 barns filled with grain. There was nothing left for Lee's troops or for southern civilians. Sherman's March to the Sea Grant also ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to capture Atlanta, Georgia, and then march to the Atlantic coast. Like Sheridan, Sherman had orders to destroy everything useful to the South. Sherman's troops captured Atlanta in September 1864. - This really destroyed the South and put civilians into the war. Grant kept Lee under siege for nine months. At last, with a fresh supply of troops, Grant took Petersburg on April 2, 1865. The same day, Richmond fell. - Union was gaining ground. On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered. - The war was over and the Union won.

Sally Tompkins

In the South, she set up a hospital in Richmond, Virginia.

What ideals did Lincoln express in the Gettysburg Address and his Second Inaugural Address?

Lincoln said that the Civil War was a test of whether or not a democratic nation could survive. He reminded Americans that their nation was founded on the belief that "all men are created equal." Lincoln told the audience:

Monitor

The Union ironclad ship.

Which Union victories were a turning point?

The Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg marked the turning point of the Civil War. It seemed just a matter of time before the Confederacy would fall.

In what ways would war today be even more deadly?

We have even more deadly weapons and those weapons can affect more soldiers much more quickly. We can also fire and fight at a much faster speed.

emancipate

free

martial law

rule by the army instead of the elected government

total war

all-out war that affects civilians at home as well as soldiers in combat

Battle of Shiloh

an 1862 Civil War battle in Tennessee that ended in a Union victory

Sojourner Truth

the African American antislavery leader, worked in Union hospitals and in camps for freed slaves

Clara Barton

who later founded the American Red Cross, became nurses for the Union army

Stonewall Jackson

general in the Confederate Army during the Civil War whose troops at the first Battle of Bull Run stood like a stone wall (1824-1863)

54th Massachusetts Regiment

one of the first African American Regiment organized in the North

How did enslaved African Americans help to hurt the Confederate war effort?

Despite the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans still worked in the South as slaves on plantations. However, many slaves slowed down their work or refused to work at all. In this way, they hoped to weaken the South's war effort. They knew that when victorious Union troops arrived in their area, they would be free. Thousands of enslaved African Americans took direct action to free themselves. Whenever a Union army appeared, slaves from all over the area would flee their former masters. They crossed the Union lines to freedom. By the end of the war, about one fourth of the South's enslaved population had escaped to freedom.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

border state

Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware—decided to remain in the Union. Maryland was especially critical to the Union cause since it bordered the nation's capital at Washington, D.C.

Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Write a newspaper article explaining why Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

He did it! Lincoln has freed the slaves by issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln is set on finding a way to restore the Union, not to end slavery. President Lincoln made this point clear in a letter that was widely distributed: �If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.� — Abraham Lincoln, August 22, 1862, quoted in Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln This is a man who believes in the Union and keeping it strong and together. This current proclamation is just his way of preserving that idea the best way he thought possible.

Why did some northerners oppose the war?

Some white northerners, especially recent immigrants in the cities, believed that they were being forced to fight to end slavery. They also worried that they would have to compete with free African Americans for jobs.

Why was the Confederate victory at Fredericksburg critical?

They dug into the crest of a hill. There, in a strong defensive position, Confederate guns mowed down wave after wave of charging Union troops

Jefferson Davis

an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

habeas corpus

the right not to be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

George McClellan

A general. Was commander of the Union army of the East, known as the Army of the Potomac. McClellan, a superb organizer, transformed inexperienced recruits into an army of trained soldiers prepared for battle.

Battle of Chancellorsville

An 1863 Civil War battle in Virginia; important victory for the Confederacy.

the North's three-part plan for defeating the South

First, the Union planned to use its navy to blockade southern ports. This would cut off the South's supply of manufactured goods from Europe. In the East, Union generals aimed to seize Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. They thought that they might end the war quickly by capturing the Confederate government. In the West, the Union planned to seize control of the Mississippi River. This would prevent the South from using the river to supply its troops. It would also separate Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana from the rest of the Confederacy.

How did the Civil War change the United States?

The Civil War was a major turning point in American history. The balance of power was changed. The Democratic party lost its influence and the Republicans were in a commanding position. No longer would Americans speak of the nation as a confederation of states. Before the war, Americans referred to "these United States." After, they began speaking of "the United States." The idea that each state might secede, if it chose, was dead. As a result, the power of the federal government grew. The war also put an end to slavery in the United States. For years, Americans had debated whether slavery could exist in a nation dedicated to the ideals of liberty and equality. By the war's end, millions of African Americans had gained their freedom. Millions more Americans, both North and South, began to think about what it meant to be free and equal.

Analyze the meaning of this statement: "The South could win the war by not losing, but the North could win only by winning."

The North had to fight harder. They had to change a way of life while the South only had to keep things the way they were and

Exploring the Main Idea Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Then, list five statements from the section that support the main idea.

The North had: 1) more ways to transport materials 2) large source of volunteers 3) strong navy 4) good factories 5) industry

Why was President Lincoln cautious about making the abolition of slavery a goal of the war?

The President did not want to do anything that might cause these states to shift their loyalty to the Confederacy. The resources of the border states might allow the South to turn the tide of the war.

the South's plan to defeat the North

The South's strategy was simpler: The Confederate army would fight a defensive war until northerners tired of fighting. If the war became unpopular in the North, President Lincoln would have to stop the war and recognize the South's independence. The Confederacy counted on European money and supplies to help fight the war. Southern cotton was important to the textile mills of England and other countries. Southerners were confident that Europeans would recognize the Confederacy as an independent nation and continue to buy southern cotton for their factories

What advances in technology made Civil War battles deadly?

The new shape of the bullets made them more deadly and dangerous to the men. Also the new weapons and improved cannons made war more dangerous.

Describe three hardships faced by soldiers during the Civil War.

The new weapons had deadly results. In most battles, one-fourth or more of the soldiers were killed or wounded. Sick and wounded soldiers faced other horrors. Medical care on the battlefield was crude. On both sides, prisoners of war faced horrifying conditions. At Andersonville, a prison camp in Georgia, many Union prisoners died of disease or starvation.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed a swath of the South during his "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah. This action is considered an example of total war.

Battle of Fredericksburg

an 1862 civil war battle in virginia; one of the union's worst defeats

How did Union victories at New Orleans and Memphis affect the South?

While Grant was fighting at Shiloh, the Union navy moved to gain control of the Mississippi River. In April 1862, Union gunboats captured New Orleans. Other ships seized Memphis, Tennessee. By capturing these two cities, the Union controlled both ends of the Mississippi. The South could no longer use the river as a supply line

Describe three ways in which women contributed to the war effort.

Women's aid societies helped supply the troops with food, bedding, clothing, and medicine. Throughout the North, women held fairs and other fundraising events to pay for supplies. Nursing the Wounded Women on both sides worked as nurses.

Battle of Gettysburg

an 1863 Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended a Confederate invasion of the North

income tax

a tax on people's earnings

In 1861, Frederick Douglass said, "This is no time to fight with one hand when both hands are needed. This is no time to fight with only your white hand, and allow your black hand to remain tied!" (a) What did Douglass mean by this statement? (b) Did the United States Congress agree with Douglass? Explain.

a) He means you can not just do something without your whole ability or whole heart. You have to do the very best you can do and be dedicated. You also have to work together, we are one people, black or white, and we need each other. b) Yes they did because they eventually allowed the African Americans to fight in the Union Army.

Pickett's Charge

failed confederate charge at the battle of Gettysburg

siege

is a military encirclement of an enemy position and blockading or bombarding it in order to force it to surrender

profiteer

person who takes advantage of a crisis to make money

What did both sides learn from the Battle of Bull Run?

showed both the Union and the Confederacy that their soldiers needed training. It also showed that the war would be long and bloody.

Gettysburg Address

speech made by president lincoln in 1863 after the battle of gettysburg

Battle of Bull Run

the first battle of the Civil War, it took place on July 2, 1861 at Manassas Junction, VA at which surprised Union troops retreated, it showed that the war was not going to be one quick clean battle

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draft

A law requiring people of a certain age to serve in the military

Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Make a list of five events and their results during the first two years of the war.

1) Battle of Bull Run - In the end, it was the Union troops who panicked and ran 2) Union ships blockaded southern ports. At first, some small, fast ships slipped through the blockade. These "blockade runners" brought everything from matches to guns to the Confederacy. In time, however, the blockade became more effective. Trade through southern ports dropped by more than 90 percent. The South desperately needed a way to break the Union blockade. One method it tried was the ironclad ship. Confederates took over an abandoned Union warship, the USS Merrimack. They covered it with iron plates and renamed it the Virginia. 3) Battle of Antietam. The North was able to claim victory, though, because Lee had ordered his forces to withdraw. As a result, northern morale increased. 4)The Battle of Fredericksburg was one of the Union's worst defeats. 5) The Battle of Chancellorsville took place on thickly wooded ground near Chancellorsville, Virginia. Lee and Jackson defeated the Union troops in three days. Victory came at a high price for the South, however. During the battle, nervous Confederate sentries fired at what they thought was an approaching Union soldier. The "Union soldier" was General Stonewall Jackson. Several days later, Jackson died as a result of his injuries.

Emancipation Proclamation

By mid-1862, Lincoln came to believe that he could save the Union only by broadening the goals of the war. He decided to emancipate, or free, enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy., issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free

Virginia

Confederates took over an abandoned Union warship, the USS Merrimack. They covered it with iron plates and renamed it the Virginia. On its first day out in March 1862, the Virginia destroyed two Union ships and drove three more aground. Union cannonballs bounced harmlessly off the Virginia's metal skin.

Describe one strength and one weakness of (b) President Jefferson Davis

Davis had attended the United States Military Academy at West Point. He had served as an officer in the Mexican War. Later, he served as Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. Furthermore, Davis was widely respected for his honesty and courage. Davis, however, did not like to turn over to others the details of military planning. As a result, he spent much time worrying about small matters and arguing with his advisers

Review the Main Idea statement at the beginning of this section. Then, write a diary entry describing conditions in the South during the later days of the Civil War.

Dear Diary, I can barely hold this pen as I write. I am so very hungry for I have not had food for days. All around me are other people who are in the same situation as I am. We all wonder when this war will stop. Many have lost family members to the fighting. It is so sad to see such death and destruction. I pray every day to return to normal.

Describe one strength and one weakness of (a) President Abraham Lincoln

He did not have much experience in national politics or military matters. However, Lincoln proved to be a patient but strong leader and a fine war planner. Day by day, Lincoln gained the respect of those around him. Many liked his sense of humor. They noted that Lincoln even accepted criticism with a smile.

What was Grant's plan for ending the war?

He wanted to destroy the South's ability to fight. To achieve this, Grant ordered his generals to wage total war against the South. He wanted the Union army to destroy food, equipment, and anything else they found that might be useful to the enemy. In the past, war had been restricted to soldiers. Total war, however, did not make any distinctions. Civilians in the South suffered the same hardships as the army.

Some people believe that Grant's decision to wage total war on the South was wrong because it caused great suffering among civilians. Do you agree or disagree? Explain.

I agree. I think it was wrong because the civilians were not part of the army or the fight. It is not fair to do that to innocent people just because of where they live. You should leave the fighting to the soldiers and between the armies, destroying everything around is not something that needs to be done since war is bad enough.

Describe two advantages that the North had over the South at the start of the Civil War.

Industry was the North's greatest resource. Before the war, northern factories produced more than 90 percent of the nation's manufactured goods. Once the war began, these factories quickly began making guns, bullets, cannons, boots, uniforms, and other supplies for the Union army. In addition, the North had more than 70 percent of the nation's rail lines, which it used to transport both troops and supplies. The North benefited from a strong navy and a large fleet of trading ships. With few warships and only a small merchant fleet, the South was unable to compete with the North at sea.

Appomattox Court House

famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Dorothea Dix

famous for her work reforming prisons and mental hospitals, became nurses for the Union army

How did the blockade affect the southern economy?

The Union blockade created severe shortages in the South. Confederate armies sometimes had to wait weeks for supplies of food and clothing. With few factories of its own, the South bought many of its weapons in Europe. However, the blockade cut off most deliveries from across the Atlantic. To acquire goods, the government began building and running factories. Private manufacturers were offered contracts and draft exemptions for their workers if they started making war goods. For civilians, the blockade brought food shortages. The production of food became critical to the economy. Many plantations switched from growing cotton to raising grain and livestock, or animals raised for food. In some states, cotton production was limited.

Imagine that you are an army officer from the South at the beginning of the war. Would you side with the Union or with the Confederacy? Give at least two reasons for your decision.

Union because I don't like the slavery issue and I think the slaves should be free and I do not agree with the confederacy wanting to spread slavery.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union military commander who won victories when others had failed and defeated Lee

What were the goals of each side as the war began?

When the war began, each side was convinced that its cause was just. Southerners believed that they had the right to leave the Union. In fact, they called the conflict the War for Southern Independence. Southerners wanted independence so that they could keep their traditional way of life—including the institution of slavery. Northerners, meanwhile, believed that they had to fight to save the Union. At the outset of the war, abolishing slavery was not an official goal of the North. In fact, many northerners, guided by feelings of racism, approved of slavery. Racism is the belief that one race is by nature superior to another.

Fort Wagner

fort in south carolina that was the site of an attack by the african american 54th massachusets regiment in 1863

Ulysses S. Grant

commander in chief of the Union army

Copperhead

northerner who opposed using force to keep the southern states in the union

How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the status of enslaved African Americans?

slaves would not be freed. Nor would slaves be freed in Confederate lands that had already been captured by the Union, such as the city of New Orleans.