Chapter 17: blood
Blood differs from typical connective tissue in that A) it is a liquid tissue B) develops from mesenchyme C) has living cells surrounded by non living matrix D) matrix consists of ground substance and protein fibers E) none
A
Connective tissue includes
Cells + ground substance _ protein fibers
Most water is ICF cell _______
Cytoplasms
The Buffy coat contains: A) erythrocytes B) leukocytes C) platelets d) B and C E) alll
D
Which characteristic of blood is NOT TRUE for the other classes of CT? A) living cells B) ground substance C) derived from mesenchyme D) fluid matrix w/ soluble proteins
D
Which of the following is not a component of blood plasma A) electrolytes B) proteins C) hormones D) platelets E) globulins
D
Which of the following is not true of the structure of hemoglobin? A) contains 4 heme groups b) globin is composed of 4 polypeptide chains C) contains red heme pigment D) contains a single Fe2+ atom e) none of the above
D
An amino acid based hormone that stimulates formation of RBC's - causes committed cells to mature into RBC's more quickly - small basal amount of EPO in blood - more is released by kidneys (some from liver) in response to hypoxia
Erythropoietin (EPO)
`___________ only seen in clotted blood, Fibrin fibers begin as molecules of ___________________ which are soluble plasma proteins suspended in plasma
Fibrin , fibrinogen
4% of plasma proteins produced by liver, forms fibrin threads of blood clot
Fibrinogen
Platelet function: formation of blood clot
Fibrinogen (soluble plasma proteins , fibrin proteins, fibrin strands glue platelets together, forms a mesh that traps RBCs and becomes a clot
Steps of erythropoiesis
Hematopoietic system (hemocytoblast), proerythroblast, basophils erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte
Stem cell aka
Hemoctyoblast
Hematopoietic stem cells
Hemocytoblasts
Each RBC contains about 250 million ______ molecules (=1 billion O2 molecules/ RBC)
Hemoglobin
erythrocytes are filled with _______________________ for gas transport
Hemoglobin
4 major causes of hypoxia
Hemorrhage, increased destruction of RBC's , insuf. Hemoglobin, reduced availability of O2
Extracellular fluid includes: Interstitial fluid: Blood plasma: Other:
IF: space between cells plasma: liquid part of spun blood Other: cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, digestive secretions
Water is a good transport medium- 90% of the blood plasma is water What are some functions you would NOT be able to do if you only had water in vessels instead of blood
If proteins not present, BP increases
Hemoglobin is degraded , _______ is recycled, ________ proteins are metabolized into amino acid
Iron, globulin
Plasma: - 55% of whole blood - Least dense component
Super ant
Structural level most responsible for the ability of each globin chain to bind a heme group
Tertiary
______________________ enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males
Testosterone
Total body water is _____% body weight, _____% intracellular fluid and _____% interstitial fluid
60, 40, 20
Blood's role in transport
- o2 from the lungs to tissues - co2 from the tissues to lungs - nutrients from GI tract to tissues - metabolic wastes from tissue to kidneys for removal - hormones from endocrine cells to target organs - stem cells from bone marrow to tissue
Hematocrit (normal) RBC's are the _____ - _____% of total volume
37-52
Main cation and anion of interstitial fluid
(IF) Na+, Cl-
Most formed elements survive in:
- bloodstream a few days
Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on:
- hormonal controls (erythropoietin - dietary requirements (amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and iron)
Hematopoietic (production of blood cells)
- hormones and growth factors push cell toward specific pathway of blood cell development - committed cells cannot change (if developing into RBC, cannot switch to become wbc) - new blood cells migrate into blood to enter bloodstream
Blood's role in protection
- inflammation - wbc - antibodies and blood proteins neutralize toxins destroy pathogens - platelets secrete clotting
A person with inadequate protein in their diet may develop hypoproteinemia and have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins in blood, which of the following results from this: 1) osmotic pressure of plasma decreases 2) osmotic pressure of plasma increases 3) water leaves plasma and enters interstitial fluid causing swelling of IF 4) water leaves IF and enters plasma causing increased blood plume
1 and 3
Adults have ___-_____ liters of blood
4,6
4 major causes of hypoxia 1) hemorrhage 2) increased destruction 3) isn't. Hemoglobin 4) reduced avalability of O2
1) severe bleeding- RBC numbers greatly decrease as blood is lost 2) ex- sickle cell anemia- fragile RBCs lyes easily 3) iron deficiency 4) high altitudes or lung problems such as pneumonia
Life span of RBC: _____-_____ days
100-120
Normal values of erythrocytes for males and females
13-18g, 12-16g/100ml
Globin is composed of 4 polypeptide chains
2 ample 2 beta
Which is the correct order for a hemocytoblast (stem cell) to become a reticulocyte? 1) accumulate hemoglobin 2) becomes a committed cell 3) synthesizes ribosomes 4) ejects the nucleus
2,3,1,4
RBC's have no mitochondria so cannot produce ATP ___________ - this means they can transport more O2 because they are not using it to make energy
Aerobically
60% of plasma proteins, produce by liver, main contributed to osmotic pressure
Albumin
Functions as carrier of other molecules, as blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
Albumin
RBCs are _________ and void of other organelles
Any cleats
Which granulocytes are likely to be active during a bacterial infection? A) eosinophils B) neutrophils C) monocytes D) lymphocytes
B
With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see _____ A) decreased hematocrit B) increased hematocrit C) increased WBC count D) decreased oxygen carrying capacity
B
Rarest of WBC's , granules contain histamine (chemical mediator that is part of the inflammatory response), vasodilator blood vessels to bring more blood to an injury site, chemically attracts wbc's to site, responsible for common allergy symptoms, runny nose, watery eyes etc. we take antihistamines to combat efffect
Basophils
Old RBCs
Become fragile and trapped in steel and phagocytized by macrophages
Makes up ~8% of body weight
Blood
Made up of 90% water and over 100 dissolved solutes
Blood plasma
Plasma proteins are most abundant solutes by weight - remain in blood not taken up by cells as nutrients - proteins produced mostly by liver - albumin: makes up 60% of fplasma proteins
Blood plasma
Most blood cells originate in ______ ______ and do not undergo mitosis
Bone marrow
What are the four classes of connective tissue?
Bone, blood, cartilage, and connective tissue proper
Hemoglobin consists of red _____ pigment bound to the ______ login
Hehe, protein
Leukocytes and platelets <1% of whole blood
Buffy coat
Which of the following is the least abundant leukocyte? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) monocytes
C
Which is a consequence of an RBC being a bag filled with hemoglobin, but lacking organelles? A) cannot form more RBC's by mitosis because it lacks a nucleus B) RBC's must produce energy by glycolysis only because it lacks mitochondria C) RBCs are flexible and can change their shape because organelles don't get in the way D) RBCs have a huge surface area which decreases the distance for gas exchange E) All
E
Which statement is true? A) rbcs, wbcs, and platelets all originate from hemocytoblasts B) neutrophils are granulocytes whose main "weapon" against pathogens is phagocytosis C) lymphocytes out the body's immune reaction D) erythrocytes are the most numerous cells in the blood E) all are correct
E
_______ causes erythrocytes to mature faster
EPO
Most abundant solutes by number, (over 100) help maintain plasma osmotic pressure, normal blood pH
Electrolytes
Granules contain digestive enzymes, release enzymes to digest parasitic worms that are too large to phagocytize, tapeworms, flukes, pinworms, hookworms- eosinophils also play a role in allergic reactions and asthma may modulate the immune response
Eosinophils
Formed elements in plasma
Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes
By what process are rbc's synthesized
Erythropoiesis (stem cells differentiate and shed nuclei to become reticulocytes)
Kidney and liver to a smaller extent release _______________________
Erythropoietin
Formation of platelets
Hematopoietic stem cell, megakaryoblast, megakaryocyte, megakaryocyte, platelets (granules)
Hematopoietic
Formation of all blood cells, occurs in red bone marrow in the shaft of long bones, composed of reticular connective tissue and blood sinusoids
Megakaryocyte sends cytoplasmic projections into lumen of sinusoid capillary in red bone marrow, projections break off into platelet fragments
Formation of platelets
Platelets are cell ________
Fragments
A heme pigment is bonded to each globin chain
Gives blood red color, each meme's central iron atom binds to one O2
Electrolyte composition of intracellular fluid
K+, HCO3, Cl-, SO4, protein anions
25% of all WBCs, mostly found in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen) some circulate in blood - function: have central role in immunity Two types T_____________: B_____________:
Lymphocytes T: act against virus infected body cells, cancer cells B- lymphocytes: give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobulin proteins) - antibodies bind to invaders, target them for destruction
Normal hematocrit for Males: Females:
M: 47%+ F: 42%+
RBC's do not contain: -
Nuclei
One ______ binds to _____ atom of each heme group. Each molecule of Hb can bind and transport up to 4 oxygen molecules
O2, Fe
Largest of all leukocytes, during infection leave circulation by diapedesis, enter tissues, differentiate to macrophages voracious phagocytosis - 2nd to arrive on scene of infection, defend against viruses , parasites, tb, help activate lymphocytes in an immune response
Monocytes
Inorganic ions (electrolytes) especially: - Most abundant cation: - Most abundant anion :
Na+, Cl-
Electrolyte composition of intersittial fluid:
Na+, Cl=, protein anions
Electrolyte composition of blood plasma:
Na+, cl-, protein anions
First WBC to arrive on scene of accuse bacterial infection, or injury (inflammation) - attracted to site by chemotaxis, very phagocytic "bacteria slayers" also attack some fungi
Neutrophils
Release oxidizing substances (bleach, hydrogen peroxide) to kill bacteria
Neutrophils
Types of relative percentages of leukocytes: Never Eat Banannas Little Minions
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes
By-products of cellular metabolism, such as urea, Ruiz acid, creative, and ammonium salts
No protein nitrogenous substances
Erythrocytes: 45% of whole blood Most dense component
Pellet
Matrix of blood
Plasma (clear light yellow fluid)
8% by weight of plasma, all contribute to osmotic pressure and maintain water balance in blood and tissues, all have other functions (transparent, enzymatic, etc. )
Plasma proteins
Thrombocytes
Platelets
What is the main anion and cation of Intracellular fluid (ICF)
Protein anions A-, k+
Structural level most directly responsible for the 4 globin chains being associated with each other
Quaternary
Formed elements are ________, __________, and platelets
Rbcs, wbcs
Young immature erythrocyte has a network (reticulum) of ribosome clusters (polyribosomes) clinically, reticulocyte count = important indicator of RATE of RBC production
Reticulocyte
Hemoglobin binds _______ with oxygen
Reversible
Erythrocyte plasma membrane has network of ______ and other proteins ( provides flexibility to change shape)
Spectrum
Develops into a committed cell, ribosome synthesis greatly increases, hemoglobin is synthesized, iron accumulates, cell ejects organelles, nucleus degenerates and pinched off, cell begins to collapse inward- takes on bison cave shape
Stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Steps of erythropoiesis development
Stem cell, committed cell, phase 1 ribosome synthesis, phase 2 hemoglobin accumulation, phase 3 ejection of nucleus
Hypoxia
Too few RBCs, inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues
Blood functions (3)
Transport, protection, regulation
Too many rbc's increase blood __________
Viscosity
Only ________ are complete cells
WBC
Plasma proteins, especially globulins, albumin, and fibrinogen
blood plasma
Formed elements = suspended in ________________ - - -
plasma - Erythrocytes - leukocytes - platelets