Chapter 17: blood

Blood differs from typical connective tissue in that A) it is a liquid tissue B) develops from mesenchyme C) has living cells surrounded by non living matrix D) matrix consists of ground substance and protein fibers E) none

A

Connective tissue includes

Cells + ground substance _ protein fibers

Most water is ICF cell _______

Cytoplasms

The Buffy coat contains: A) erythrocytes B) leukocytes C) platelets d) B and C E) alll

D

Which characteristic of blood is NOT TRUE for the other classes of CT? A) living cells B) ground substance C) derived from mesenchyme D) fluid matrix w/ soluble proteins

D

Which of the following is not a component of blood plasma A) electrolytes B) proteins C) hormones D) platelets E) globulins

D

Which of the following is not true of the structure of hemoglobin? A) contains 4 heme groups b) globin is composed of 4 polypeptide chains C) contains red heme pigment D) contains a single Fe2+ atom e) none of the above

D

An amino acid based hormone that stimulates formation of RBC's - causes committed cells to mature into RBC's more quickly - small basal amount of EPO in blood - more is released by kidneys (some from liver) in response to hypoxia

Erythropoietin (EPO)

`___________ only seen in clotted blood, Fibrin fibers begin as molecules of ___________________ which are soluble plasma proteins suspended in plasma

Fibrin , fibrinogen

4% of plasma proteins produced by liver, forms fibrin threads of blood clot

Fibrinogen

Platelet function: formation of blood clot

Fibrinogen (soluble plasma proteins , fibrin proteins, fibrin strands glue platelets together, forms a mesh that traps RBCs and becomes a clot

Steps of erythropoiesis

Hematopoietic system (hemocytoblast), proerythroblast, basophils erythroblast, polychromatic erythroblast, orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte

Stem cell aka

Hemoctyoblast

Hematopoietic stem cells

Hemocytoblasts

Each RBC contains about 250 million ______ molecules (=1 billion O2 molecules/ RBC)

Hemoglobin

erythrocytes are filled with _______________________ for gas transport

Hemoglobin

4 major causes of hypoxia

Hemorrhage, increased destruction of RBC's , insuf. Hemoglobin, reduced availability of O2

Extracellular fluid includes: Interstitial fluid: Blood plasma: Other:

IF: space between cells plasma: liquid part of spun blood Other: cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, digestive secretions

Water is a good transport medium- 90% of the blood plasma is water What are some functions you would NOT be able to do if you only had water in vessels instead of blood

If proteins not present, BP increases

Hemoglobin is degraded , _______ is recycled, ________ proteins are metabolized into amino acid

Iron, globulin

Plasma: - 55% of whole blood - Least dense component

Super ant

Structural level most responsible for the ability of each globin chain to bind a heme group

Tertiary

______________________ enhances EPO production, resulting in higher RBC counts in males

Testosterone

Total body water is _____% body weight, _____% intracellular fluid and _____% interstitial fluid

60, 40, 20

Blood's role in transport

- o2 from the lungs to tissues - co2 from the tissues to lungs - nutrients from GI tract to tissues - metabolic wastes from tissue to kidneys for removal - hormones from endocrine cells to target organs - stem cells from bone marrow to tissue

Hematocrit (normal) RBC's are the _____ - _____% of total volume

37-52

Main cation and anion of interstitial fluid

(IF) Na+, Cl-

Most formed elements survive in:

- bloodstream a few days

Balance between RBC production and destruction depends on:

- hormonal controls (erythropoietin - dietary requirements (amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates and iron)

Hematopoietic (production of blood cells)

- hormones and growth factors push cell toward specific pathway of blood cell development - committed cells cannot change (if developing into RBC, cannot switch to become wbc) - new blood cells migrate into blood to enter bloodstream

Blood's role in protection

- inflammation - wbc - antibodies and blood proteins neutralize toxins destroy pathogens - platelets secrete clotting

A person with inadequate protein in their diet may develop hypoproteinemia and have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins in blood, which of the following results from this: 1) osmotic pressure of plasma decreases 2) osmotic pressure of plasma increases 3) water leaves plasma and enters interstitial fluid causing swelling of IF 4) water leaves IF and enters plasma causing increased blood plume

1 and 3

Adults have ___-_____ liters of blood

4,6

4 major causes of hypoxia 1) hemorrhage 2) increased destruction 3) isn't. Hemoglobin 4) reduced avalability of O2

1) severe bleeding- RBC numbers greatly decrease as blood is lost 2) ex- sickle cell anemia- fragile RBCs lyes easily 3) iron deficiency 4) high altitudes or lung problems such as pneumonia

Life span of RBC: _____-_____ days

100-120

Normal values of erythrocytes for males and females

13-18g, 12-16g/100ml

Globin is composed of 4 polypeptide chains

2 ample 2 beta

Which is the correct order for a hemocytoblast (stem cell) to become a reticulocyte? 1) accumulate hemoglobin 2) becomes a committed cell 3) synthesizes ribosomes 4) ejects the nucleus

2,3,1,4

RBC's have no mitochondria so cannot produce ATP ___________ - this means they can transport more O2 because they are not using it to make energy

Aerobically

60% of plasma proteins, produce by liver, main contributed to osmotic pressure

Albumin

Functions as carrier of other molecules, as blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic pressure

Albumin

RBCs are _________ and void of other organelles

Any cleats

Which granulocytes are likely to be active during a bacterial infection? A) eosinophils B) neutrophils C) monocytes D) lymphocytes

B

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see _____ A) decreased hematocrit B) increased hematocrit C) increased WBC count D) decreased oxygen carrying capacity

B

Rarest of WBC's , granules contain histamine (chemical mediator that is part of the inflammatory response), vasodilator blood vessels to bring more blood to an injury site, chemically attracts wbc's to site, responsible for common allergy symptoms, runny nose, watery eyes etc. we take antihistamines to combat efffect

Basophils

Old RBCs

Become fragile and trapped in steel and phagocytized by macrophages

Makes up ~8% of body weight

Blood

Made up of 90% water and over 100 dissolved solutes

Blood plasma

Plasma proteins are most abundant solutes by weight - remain in blood not taken up by cells as nutrients - proteins produced mostly by liver - albumin: makes up 60% of fplasma proteins

Blood plasma

Most blood cells originate in ______ ______ and do not undergo mitosis

Bone marrow

What are the four classes of connective tissue?

Bone, blood, cartilage, and connective tissue proper

Hemoglobin consists of red _____ pigment bound to the ______ login

Hehe, protein

Leukocytes and platelets <1% of whole blood

Buffy coat

Which of the following is the least abundant leukocyte? A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) basophils D) lymphocytes E) monocytes

C

Which is a consequence of an RBC being a bag filled with hemoglobin, but lacking organelles? A) cannot form more RBC's by mitosis because it lacks a nucleus B) RBC's must produce energy by glycolysis only because it lacks mitochondria C) RBCs are flexible and can change their shape because organelles don't get in the way D) RBCs have a huge surface area which decreases the distance for gas exchange E) All

E

Which statement is true? A) rbcs, wbcs, and platelets all originate from hemocytoblasts B) neutrophils are granulocytes whose main "weapon" against pathogens is phagocytosis C) lymphocytes out the body's immune reaction D) erythrocytes are the most numerous cells in the blood E) all are correct

E

_______ causes erythrocytes to mature faster

EPO

Most abundant solutes by number, (over 100) help maintain plasma osmotic pressure, normal blood pH

Electrolytes

Granules contain digestive enzymes, release enzymes to digest parasitic worms that are too large to phagocytize, tapeworms, flukes, pinworms, hookworms- eosinophils also play a role in allergic reactions and asthma may modulate the immune response

Eosinophils

Formed elements in plasma

Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes

By what process are rbc's synthesized

Erythropoiesis (stem cells differentiate and shed nuclei to become reticulocytes)

Kidney and liver to a smaller extent release _______________________

Erythropoietin

Formation of platelets

Hematopoietic stem cell, megakaryoblast, megakaryocyte, megakaryocyte, platelets (granules)

Hematopoietic

Formation of all blood cells, occurs in red bone marrow in the shaft of long bones, composed of reticular connective tissue and blood sinusoids

Megakaryocyte sends cytoplasmic projections into lumen of sinusoid capillary in red bone marrow, projections break off into platelet fragments

Formation of platelets

Platelets are cell ________

Fragments

A heme pigment is bonded to each globin chain

Gives blood red color, each meme's central iron atom binds to one O2

Electrolyte composition of intracellular fluid

K+, HCO3, Cl-, SO4, protein anions

25% of all WBCs, mostly found in lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen) some circulate in blood - function: have central role in immunity Two types T_____________: B_____________:

Lymphocytes T: act against virus infected body cells, cancer cells B- lymphocytes: give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies (immunoglobulin proteins) - antibodies bind to invaders, target them for destruction

Normal hematocrit for Males: Females:

M: 47%+ F: 42%+

RBC's do not contain: -

Nuclei

One ______ binds to _____ atom of each heme group. Each molecule of Hb can bind and transport up to 4 oxygen molecules

O2, Fe

Largest of all leukocytes, during infection leave circulation by diapedesis, enter tissues, differentiate to macrophages voracious phagocytosis - 2nd to arrive on scene of infection, defend against viruses , parasites, tb, help activate lymphocytes in an immune response

Monocytes

Inorganic ions (electrolytes) especially: - Most abundant cation: - Most abundant anion :

Na+, Cl-

Electrolyte composition of intersittial fluid:

Na+, Cl=, protein anions

Electrolyte composition of blood plasma:

Na+, cl-, protein anions

First WBC to arrive on scene of accuse bacterial infection, or injury (inflammation) - attracted to site by chemotaxis, very phagocytic "bacteria slayers" also attack some fungi

Neutrophils

Release oxidizing substances (bleach, hydrogen peroxide) to kill bacteria

Neutrophils

Types of relative percentages of leukocytes: Never Eat Banannas Little Minions

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

By-products of cellular metabolism, such as urea, Ruiz acid, creative, and ammonium salts

No protein nitrogenous substances

Erythrocytes: 45% of whole blood Most dense component

Pellet

Matrix of blood

Plasma (clear light yellow fluid)

8% by weight of plasma, all contribute to osmotic pressure and maintain water balance in blood and tissues, all have other functions (transparent, enzymatic, etc. )

Plasma proteins

Thrombocytes

Platelets

What is the main anion and cation of Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Protein anions A-, k+

Structural level most directly responsible for the 4 globin chains being associated with each other

Quaternary

Formed elements are ________, __________, and platelets

Rbcs, wbcs

Young immature erythrocyte has a network (reticulum) of ribosome clusters (polyribosomes) clinically, reticulocyte count = important indicator of RATE of RBC production

Reticulocyte

Hemoglobin binds _______ with oxygen

Reversible

Erythrocyte plasma membrane has network of ______ and other proteins ( provides flexibility to change shape)

Spectrum

Develops into a committed cell, ribosome synthesis greatly increases, hemoglobin is synthesized, iron accumulates, cell ejects organelles, nucleus degenerates and pinched off, cell begins to collapse inward- takes on bison cave shape

Stem cell (hemocytoblast)

Steps of erythropoiesis development

Stem cell, committed cell, phase 1 ribosome synthesis, phase 2 hemoglobin accumulation, phase 3 ejection of nucleus

Hypoxia

Too few RBCs, inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues

Blood functions (3)

Transport, protection, regulation

Too many rbc's increase blood __________

Viscosity

Only ________ are complete cells

WBC

Plasma proteins, especially globulins, albumin, and fibrinogen

blood plasma

Formed elements = suspended in ________________ - - -

plasma - Erythrocytes - leukocytes - platelets