Chapter 17 Human Anatomy & Physiology Review Questions

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

0

Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by ________.

Abnormally high levels of aldosterone

A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP?

Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Why is foot care extremely important for people with diabetes mellitus?

Excessive blood glucose levels damage the blood vessels and nerves of the body's extremities, increasing the risk for injury, infection, and tissue death. Loss of sensation to the feet means that a diabetic patient will not be able to feel foot trauma, such as from ill-fitting shoes. Even minor injuries commonly lead to infection, which , can progress to tissue death without proper care, requiring amputation.

Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.

active transport

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?

all of the above

In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.

decreased basal metabolic rate

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?

fractures

The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.

prepare the breasts for lactation

A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of ________.

thyroid hormone

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder characterized by, among other symptoms, increased appetite, sluggishness, and increased sleepiness. It occurs most commonly during the winter months, especially in regions with long winter nights. Propose a role for melatonin in SAD and a possible non-drug therapy.

SAD is thought to occur in part because low levels and duration of sunlight allow excessive and prolonged secretion of melatonin. Light therapy—daytime exposure to very bright lighting—is one common therapy.

The walls of the atria produce which hormone?

atrial natriuretic peptide

Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________.

blood oxygen levels

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

chromaffin cells

Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.

development of T cells

The end result of the RAAS is to ________.

increase blood pressure

Describe the mechanism of hormone response resulting from the binding of a hormone with an intracellular receptor

An intracellular hormone receptor is located within the cell. A hydrophobic hormone diffuses through the cell membrane and binds to the intracellular hormone receptor, which may be in the cytosol or in the cell nucleus. This hormone-receptor complex binds to a segment of DNA. This initiates the transcription of a target gene, the end result of which is protein assembly and the hormonal response.

Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands are ductless. They release their secretion into the surrounding fluid, from which it enters the bloodstream or lymph to travel to distant cells. Moreover, the secretions of endocrine glands are hormones. Exocrine glands release their secretions through a duct that delivers the secretion to the target location. Moreover, the secretions of exocrine glands are not hormones, but compounds that have an immediate physiologic function. For example, pancreatic juice contains enzymes that help digest food.

Which of the following statements about insulin is true?

Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

TSH

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________

TSH from the anterior pituitary

The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.

exposure to bright light

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?

glucagon

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?

inhibin

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ? thyroid liver kidneys hypothalamus

kidneys

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of ________.

nerve axons

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

neural

The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?

oral ectoderm

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.

paracrine

What cells secrete melatonin?

pinealocytes

Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?

reduced mental activity

Endocrine glands ________.

secrete chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

steroid hormones

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

the activity of osteoclasts

The development of a goiter indicates that ________.

there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles