Chapter 17 - Infection Control

Vector

A carrier, especially an animal (usually an arthropod), that transfers an infective agent from one host to another

Fomite

A health care worker is accidentally punctured with a contaminated needle. This type of transmission is known as:

vector

A person is bitten by a mosquito and develops an infection. This type of transmission is known as:

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers.

48 hours

After how long are infections clinically evident?

Touching

All the following are types of indirect transmission except? Fomite Vector Aerosol Touching

reservoir

Alternative or passive host or carrier that harbors pathogenic organisms, without injury to itself, and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected

More than one of the above, but not all

An outpatient develops a staphylococcal infection after a surgical procedure. This type of transmission is known as: Vector Fomite Nonosmial More than one of the above, but not all.

Fomite

Any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted.

Disinfectants

Chemical products that destroy all bacteria, fungi, and viruses (but not spores) on surfaces.

diseases

Deviations from or interruptions of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system (or combination thereof) of the body that are exhibited by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose cause, pathologic mechanism, and prognosis may be known or unknown

single-celled yeast or as filamentous hyphae (mold)

Dimorphic-pathogenic fungi can be either

Bloodborne pathogens

Disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids, such as hepatitis and HIV.

External environment

Endospores are resistant to what?

Fungi

General term used to denote a group of *eukaryotic protists* -- including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, molds, and smuts -- that are characterized by the *absence of chlorophyll* and by the presence of a *rigid cell wall*.

Arthropod (mosquito, flea, tick)

Give examples of vectors

Chemical Physical

Hand washing uses which of the following methods of infection control?

Their morphology (size and shape)

How are bacteria classified?

the intracellular organelles can be visualized within the fungal cell and much larger

How are fungi different from bacteria?

They attach to a host cell and insert its genome or genetic information

How do viral infection attach?

20 seconds

How long do you wash your hands for?

contact precautions

In some situations when a patient who is highly susceptible to becoming infected because of a particular treatment or condition

infection

Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues that may be clinically inapparent or may result in local cellular injury as result of competitive metabolism, toxins intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response

exogenously from outside the body orendogenously from inside the body

Microorganisms can be transmitted either?

microorganism

Microscopic organism - those of medical interest including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa

Herpes simplex- known as cold sore Rhinovirus- common cold Epstein- Barr virus- mononucleosis Papillomavirus- warts

Name the latent viral infections

Streptococcal Pharyngitis (strep throat) Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection (bacterial pneumonia) Clostridium botulinum infection (food poisoning)

Name three types of endospores

Protein loses its flexibility for growth

OR rooms are kept cold for what reason?

Motility

Protozoan parasites are classified by?

Hand washing

Single most important means of preventing spread of infection

Protozoa

Subkingdom comprising the simplest organisms of the animal kingdom, consisting of unicellular organisms that range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic; most are free living, but some lead commensalistic, mutualistic, or parasitic existences

Vaccine

Suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms (bacteria, viruses or rickettsiae) administered for the prevention, improvement, or treatment of infectious disease

False - All four links have to be transmitted for the chain to exist.

T for F: for infections to not be transmitted all four links in the chain must exist?

True

T or F: ALL patients should be considered potentially infectious

True

T or F: Some bacteria (endospores) can remain formant, but viable internally for years?

True

T or F: if any link in the chain is broken or removed, the infection cycle cannot continue?

False

T or F: viruses can live outside a living cell?

The patient wearing a mask

The best method of preventing the spread of aerosol infections is by?

1) Wash hands. 2) All items used for patient care are sterilized , disinfected, or disposed of to prevent infection. 3) Bag and label all items that need to be reused as contaminated.

The procedure for contact isolation techniques are:

Sterilization

The term that best describes the absolute removal of all life form is:

Airborne precautions

This method of transmission occurs when microbes are spread on evaporated droplets that remain suspended in air or are carried on dust particles in the air and may be inhaled by persons in that room or air space.When diseases require this type of isolation the following precautions are required

Droplet precautions

Transmission by droplets occurs when droplets contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms are placed in the air from a person infected with a droplet-borne infection. Can be spread 3 feet by coughing

Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protozoan Parasites

What are pathogens classified as?

Direct contact involves touching of some sort Sexually transmitted diseases Skin pathogens Phlegm and aerosols Urine and Feces

What are some direct host to host transmissions?

1. Clean your hands 2. Make sure health care providers clean their hands or wear gloves 3. Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze 4. If you are sick, avoid close contact with others 5. Get shots to avoid disease and fight the spread of infection

What are the 5 things you can do to prevent infections?

Food Water Drugs Blood products Medical devices

What are the common vehicles (modes of infections) transported?

Mechanical Chemical Cellular Normal Microbial Flora Chemotherapy Immunizations

What are the constitutive defenses of the body?

1. Amoeboid locomotion 2. Flagella 3. Cilia 4. Sporozoans - non-motile

What are the four classifications of motility in a protozoan?

Host Pathogen Mode of transmission Reservoir

What are the four factors involved in the chain of infection?

1. Superficial - tinea nigra - black or brown discoloration of the skin (hand/foot) 2. Cutaneous - tinea pedis (athlete's foot/ringworm)- most common 3. Subcutaneous - route of entry - trauma to the skin 4. Systemic - circulatory or lymphatic - can be fatal

What are the four fungal disease classifications?

Moist heat (steam under pressure - autoclave) Pasteurization (moderate heat by cooling) UV Light Protective Barriers

What are the physical methods of environmental control?

1. They can multiply in large numbers and cause an obstruction 2. They can cause tissue damage 3. They can secrete organic substances called exotoxins

What are the three functions of pathogens?

Contact Airborne Droplet

What are the three major transmission modes for respiratory infections?

airborne, droplet, contact

What are the three transmission based precautions?

Cocci (spheres) Bacilli (rods) Spirals

What are the types of shapes bacteria can take?

5%

What is the percentage of hospital patients who acquire an additional condition in the hospital?

1. Gown 2. Mask 3. Googles/Face shield 4. Gloves

What is the sequence for putting on PPE?

1. Gloves 2. Googles / Face Shield 3. Gown 4. Mask

What is the sequence for removing PPE?

1. Encounter 2. Entry 3. Spread 4. Multiplication 5. Damage 6. Outcome

What is the six-step process to the establishment of infectious disease?

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Who discovered Microbes 300 years ago?

Everyone

Who has to practice infection control?

To prevent the contamination from dust, lint, or other vehicles of bacteria.

Why can non-scrubbed personnel reach over the sterile field?

Weakened immune systems Open wounds and cuts Close contact with patients Opportunities for resistance

Why is MRSA a concern in hospitals?

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

a blood-borne disease that is spread through contact with blood and other body fluids that are contaminated with this virus. it is describes as a silent epidemic because it can be present in the body for years, and destroy the liver, before any symptoms appear. there is no vaccine available

Phagocytes

a cell (such as a macrophage or neutrophil) that engulfs and consumes foreign material (such as microorganisms) and debris

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics

Host

an animal or plant that nourishes and supports a parasite

Viruses

any of a group of minute infectious agents not resolved in the light microscope, with certain exceptions, and characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and by the ability to replicate only within living host cells

Varicella Zoster Virus

chicken pox and shingles Chickenpox is usually a mild disease. However, in adults and children with weakened immune systems, chickenpox can cause serious complications and even death.

Sterilization

complete destruction or elimination of all living microorganisms accomplished by physical methods (dry or moist heat), chemical agents (ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, alcohol), or mechanical methods (filtration)

Virion

complete viral particle found extracellularly and capable of surviving in crystalline form and infecting a living cell; comprises the nucleoid (genetic material) and the capsid; also called viral particle

Isolation Rooms

confines the disease to the patient, protects the people working with the patient, and protect other patients

Pathogens

disease producing microorganisms

Asepsis

freedom from infection

Health care-associated infections (HAIs)

infections that patients or residents get while receiving treatment in a hospital or other health care facility, or that health care workers get while performing their duties within a health care setting

Tuberculosis (TB)

infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected

Flora

microbial community found on or in a healthy person

Dimorphic

occurring in two distinct forms

Eukaryote

organism whose cells contain a nucleus

Nosocomial

pertaining to or originating in the hospital; said of an infection not present or incubating before admittance to the hospital but generally developing 72 hours after admittance

Standard Precautions

precautions to prevent the transmission of disease by body fluids and substances

surgical asepsis

procedure used to prevent contamination by microbes and endospores before, during, or after surgery using sterile technique

medical asepsis

reduction in numbers of infectious agents, which, in turn, decreases the probability of infection but does not necessarily reduce it to zero

iatrogenic

resulting from the activities of physicians

immunity

security against a particular disease

Bacteria

single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes

Cyst

stage in the life cycle of certain parasites during which they are enclosed in a protective wall

Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)

the most prevalent type of hepatitis. caused by the highly contagious HAV virus and is transmitted mainly through contaminated food and water. It is also fecal-oral transmissions (places like daycares and prisons)

chemotherapy

treatment of disease by chemical agents

herpes zoster

viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

virus that causes inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood