chapter 17 quiz

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.

How did Adam Smith's new economic theories challenge mercantilism?

Believed the government should only interfere in economics through infrastructure; believed mercantilism wouldn't let a country expand.

carnival

Celebration during the weeks leading up to Lent during which many indulged themselves

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Classical composer

What impact did the new science have on philosophy?

Created the scientific method, which helped scientists create new theories. Also made new philosophers want to be able to explain things using simple formulas, much like Issac Newton.

Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher that believed the right to rule should be from the people, not a king. (wrote the social contract)

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

George Handel

German composer but spent much of his career in England; famous for religious music, including Messiah

What role did women play in the Enlightenment.

Hosted Salons, which popularized scientific thought and created modern feminism.

What impact did these new ideas have on society.

Improved society, because it created new beliefs such as religious tolerance, equality, and innovations in art, government, and culture in general.

philosophes

Intellectuals of the Enlightenment (social reformers)

How does crime and punishment change during the Enlightenment?

It goes from torture and executions to implementation of prison.

What efforts were made to reconcile the new science and religion?

Scientific leaders speaking to church, but in the end they became very separate.

Adam Smith

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations; One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.

What were the social and political context for scientific inquiry in the 17th century?

Social - Renaissance, Church being abusive and people questioning the church, discovery of new lands.Political - Church and Politics closely tied together, so new thoughts on science could be condemned.

What role did women play in the Scientific Revolution?

Some translate works of older philosophers. Some contributed with new ideas.

How did the popularization of scientific thought lead to the Enlightenment?

With philosophers coming up with new ideas from the scientific revolution, a new wave of philosophies came and popularized/debated these topics, which led to the middle class learning about them.

Diderot

Wrote the encyclopedia

school

elite upper class more literacy

John Locke theory of knowledge

everyone is born with a blank mind

Physiocrats and Adam Smith

founder of the modern social science of economics, believed the state should not interfere with economic matters

taverns and alchohol

gathering places for men to talk/ exchange information, drink, play games

What was the Enlightenment?

intellectual movement - methods and questions of scientific revolution were applied.

cultural relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

Sebastian Bach

one of the most famous composers of all time; believed music was the best way to worship God

Franz Haydn

prolific Austrian composer who influenced the classical form of the symphony (1732-1809)

How did the ideas of the Enlightenment spread?

salons, Encyclopedia, newspapers, pamphlets, letters, interested & wealthier middle class, magazines, novels

religious toleration

the philosophes called for religion toleration of minority groups because it would benefit the people rather than harm

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Economic Liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's (people should do what they want to do for work)

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

How would you define the term Scientific Revolution? In what ways was it truly revolutionary? Which is more enduring, a political revolution or an intellectual one?

A new way of thinking about the word. It was truly revolutionary because it made it so that people were more rational and didn't only believe what the church had to say. I think that intellectual ones have more of an impact because in the 21st century we still believe many of the things from the Scientific Revolution.

Margaret Cavendish

A unique and groundbreaking woman writer,Astronomer, and the only female philosopher of her time.

social contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Francois Quesnay

Leader of the Physiocrats

How did Locke's ideas of natural law and natural rights influence Rousseau and other philosophies?

Locke - Many idea's on government, ended absolutism in England; believed man was good, believed government should protect people.Rousseau - Man is good; government should protect people.

How did neoclassical art differ from the Baroque art of the previous era? Rococo art?

Neoclassic - for the brain; balance achieved Rococo - flivorous and delicate' french aristocracy

How does the concept of the "Noble Savage" change perceptions of culture?

Noble Savage - Man not touched by society; People believed that less advanced cultures were better because they were less touched by society.

In what ways did Voltaire challenge the political, religious, and societal norms of his time?

Political - Believed church and politics should be separate.Religious - Believed in deism; attacked the catholic church.Societal - Advocate for freedom and tolerance.

Scientific Revolution

Questioning idea's of science that have been believed forever.

How was literature affected by the ideals of the Enlightenment?

Religion and politics did not restrain how history was written. Magazines and Novels.

How did religious toleration change during the Enlightenment period?

Religious toleration became more common because of the philosophies and their strong beliefs in religious toleration.

What were the differences between the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke? How did each view human nature? Would you rather live under a government designed by Hobbes or Locke? Why?

Thomas Hobbes - advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems. Also believed man was evil. John Locke - maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract. Believed society ruined manI would rather live in Lockes nation because I would be able to have more control over what happens versus an absolute ruler making all fo the decisions.

pierre Boyle

argued for religious toleration

high culture

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

how did the writing of history change

deleted God

Skeptism

with new scientific theories people began to doubt in the churches credibility