Chapter 18

true

A biceps reflex is a test for spinal nerves C5 and C6; a patellar reflex is a test for spinal nerves L2-L4.

40 70

A first breath is a major undertaking because it requires a tremendous amount of pressure (about __ to __ cm H2O)

15000

A newborn has an equally high white blood cell count at birth, about _______ to 30,000 cells/mm3 .

true

A newborn placed under phototherapy lights as a treat- ment for jaundice has bright green stools because ofincreased bilirubin excretion

Landau reflex

A newborn who is held in a prone position with a hand underneath, supporting the trunk, should demonstrate some muscle tone.

80 110

A newborn's blood volume is __ to ___ mL per kilogram of body weight, or about 300 mL total.

15

A single voiding in a newborn is only about ___ mL and may be easily missed in a thick diaper. Specific gravity ranges from 1.008 to 1.010.

transitional stool

About the second or third day of life, newborn stool changes in color and consistency, becoming green and loose. This is termed _________, and it may resemble diar- rhea to the untrained eye

1 4

An indirect bilirubin level at birth is _ to _ mg/100 mL

30 60

As respiratory activity is established and maintained, this rate settles to an average of __ to __ breaths per minute when the newborn is at rest.

true

By 10 to 12 hours of age, vital capacity is estab- lished at newborn proportions.

5 10

During the first few days after birth, a newborn loses __% to __% of birth weight (6 to 10 oz). This weight loss occurs because a newborn is no longer under the influence of salt- and fluid-retaining maternal hormones.

17 18

Hemoglobin level averages __ to __ g/100 mL of blood. The hematocrit is between 45% and 50%. A newborn also has an elevated red blood cell count, about 6 million cells per cubic millimeter.

4.7

If a newborn weighs more than ____ kg, the baby is said to be macrosomic and a maternal illness, such as diabetes mellitus, must be suspected

Magnet reflex

If pressure is applied to the soles of the feet of a newborn lying in a supine position, he or she pushes back against the pressure. This and the two following reflexes are tests of spinal cord integrity.

180

Immediately after birth, as the newborn struggles to initiate respirations, the heart rate may be as rapid as ____ bpm. Within 1 hour after birth, as the newborn settles down to sleep, the heart rate stabilizes to an average of 120 to 140 bpm.

Extrusion reflex

It disappears at about 4 months of age. Until then, the infant may seem to be spitting out or refusing solid food placed in the mouth.

Tonic Neck reflex

It does stimulate eye coordination, because the extended arm moves in front of the face. It may signify handedness. The reflex disappears between the second and third months of life.

Moro reflex

It is strong for the first 8 weeks of life and then fades by the end of the fourth or fifth month, at the same time an infant can roll away from danger.

Babinski reflex

It remains positive (toes fan) until at least 3 months of age, when it is supplanted by the down-turning or adult flexion response. "J curve"

dipstick

Maternal blood may be differentiated from fetal blood by a _____ Apt test.

B

Newborns are routinely ad- ministered hepatitis _ vaccine during the first 12 hours after birth to protect against this disease

true

Newborns with bile duct obstruction have clay-colored (gray) stools, because bile pigments are not entering the intestinal tract.

6 8

Once the alveoli have been inflated with a first breath, breathing becomes much easier for a baby, requiring only about _ to _ cm H2O pressure. Within 10 minutes after birth, most newborns have established a good residual volume.

neutrophils lymphocytes

Polymorphonuclear cells (______) account for a large part of this leukocytosis, but by the end of the first month, ________ become the predominant cell type

true

Second-born children usually weigh more than first-born. Birth weight continues to increase with each succeeding child in a family.

2.5 kg

The arbitrary lower limit of normal for all races is ___(5.5 lbs)

53

The average birth length (50th percentile) of a mature female neonate is __ cm (20.9 in). For mature males, the average birth length is 54 cm (21.3 in).

3.4 kg 3.5 kg

The average birth weight (50th percentile) for a white, mature female newborn in the United States is _____ (7.5 lbs) for a white, mature male newborn, it is _____ (7.7 lb).

80/60

The blood pressure of a newborn is approximately _______ mm Hg at birth. By the 10th day, it rises to about 100/50 mm Hg

10 7

The breastfed new- born recaptures birth weight within __ days; a formula-fed infant accomplishes this gain within __ days. After this, a new- born begins to gain about 2 lb per month (6 to 8 oz per week) for the first 6 months of life.

2

The chest circumference in a term newborn is about __ cm (0.75 to 1 in) less than the head circumference. This is mea- sured at the level of the nipples.

true

The first voiding may be pink or dusky because of uric acid crystals that were formed in the bladder in utero; this is an innocent finding.

medulla

The heart rate of a newborn often remains slightly irregu- lar because of immaturity of the cardiac regulatory center in the _________.

6

The infant is about _ weeks of age before much control over reabsorption of fluid in tubules and concentration of urine becomes evident.

46

The lower limit of normal length is arbitrarily set at __ cm (18 in).

80

The respiratory rate of a newborn in the first few minutes of life may be as high as __ breaths per minute.

Step in place reflex

This reflex disappears by 3 months of age. By 4 months, babies can bear a good portion of their weight unhindered by this reflex.

Plantar grasp reflex

This reflex disappears at about 8 to 9 months of age in preparation for walking. However, it may be present during sleep for a longer period.

Palmar grasp reflex

This reflex disappears at about 6 weeks to 3 months of age. A baby begins to grasp meaningfully at about 3 months of age.

brachial femoral

You should be able to palpate ________ and _________ pulses in a newborn, but the radial and temporal pulses are more difficult

34 35

a mature newborn, the head circumference is usually __ to __ cm (13.5 to 14 in).

brown fat

a special tissue found in mature newborns, apparently helps to con- serve or produce body heat by increasing metabolism.

Moro reflex

can be initiated by startling a newborn with a loud noise or by jarring the bassinet.

prothrombin proconvertin plasma stuart

factor II _______, factor VII ________, factor IX (______ thromboplastin component), and factor X (______-Prower factor)

90 110

heart rate can decrease during sleep, ranging from __ to ___ bpm.

trunk incurvation reflex

in a prone position and are touched along the paravertebral area by a probing finger, they flex their trunk and swing their pelvis to- ward the touch

convection

is the flow of heat from the newborn's body surface to cooler surrounding air. The effectiveness of con- vection depends on the velocity of the flow (a current of air cools faster than nonmoving air). Eliminating drafts from windows or air conditioners reduces convection heat loss.

conduction

is the transfer of body heat to a cooler solid object in contact with a baby.

radiation

is the transfer of body heat to a cooler solid ob- ject not in contact with the baby, such as a cold window or air conditioner.

placing reflex

it is elicited by touching the anterior surface of the lower part of a newborn's leg against a hard surface such as the edge of a bassinet or table.

crossed Extension reflex

the infant raises the other leg and extends it, as if trying to push away the hand irritating the first leg.