Chapter 18

Having laid waste to Cuzco, Pizarro founded a new Andean capital at __________ in 1535. a. Lima. b. Santiago de Chile. c. São Paulo. d. Cartagena.

A

The Spanish quest for the mythical ____________ or "golden city" was fruitless. a. Shangri-La. b. El Dorado. c. El Jefe. d. Del Rio.

B

When the city of ___________ was captured in November 1519, the emperor Moctezuma II was forced to swear allegiance to Emperor Charles V. a. Campeche. b. Tenochtitlán. c. Veracruz. d. Tlaxcala.

B

__________ was the first institution of higher learning in North America, devoted to teaching the "correct" balanced Calvinist Protestantism. a. Yale Divinity School. b. Harvard College. c. College of William and Mary. d. Providence College.

B

An estimated __________ Spaniards emigrated from Europe to the Americas between 1500 and 1800. a. 1,000,000. b. 10,000. c. 300,000. d. 30,000,000.

C

The great majority of the indigenous of population of Brazil lived in tribally organized temporary or permanent villages based primarily on all but one of the following: a. agriculture b. hunting c. foraging d. fishing

C

A Native American reported an appearance of Our Lady of _________ in 1531, in a place where the native goddess Tonantzin used to be venerated. a. Tlaxcala. b. Acapulco. c. Lourdes. d. Guadalupe.

D

The largest of the Atlantic port cities in the British colonies of North America was _________, followed closely by New York. a. Boston b. Savannah c. Newport, Rhode Island d. Philadelphia

D

The primary mining centers in colonial Spanish America were _______in southeastern Peru (today's Bolivia) and Zacatecas and Guanajuato in northern Mexico. a. Santa Cruz b. Sucre c. Oruro d. Potosí

D

Among the many Native American allies who aided Cortés in the conquest of the Aztec Empire were the _________, sworn enemies of the Aztecs. a. Tlaxcalans b. Toltecs c. Tarascans d. Yucatecs

A

In the early seventeenth century, the French, English and Dutch started occupying smaller unclaimed Caribbean islands which they then used to launch raids on Spanish colonies in order to disrupt Spain's monopoly on shipping between Europe and its Caribbean possessions, eventually taking some of these Spanish outposts. Most notable among these conquered Spanish outposts was Jamaica, taken by the English, and _________, taken by the French. a. Cuba b. Western Hispaniola c. Puerto Rico d. The Bahamas

B

When the Portuguese conquered Brazil, the indigenous population was estimated to be nearly _________inhabitants. a. 1 million b. 5 million c. 500,000 d. 10 million

B

In the 1540s, in an effort to transition away from the encomienda system, Spain introduced rotating assignments, or _________, which established an obligation by villagers to send stipulated numbers of people as laborers to a contractor. a. alcabalas b. audiencias c. repartimientos d. aduanas

C

A crucial factor which aided in the fall of the Incan Empire to the Spaniards was the protracted war of succession between _________and his half-brother Huáscar. a. Mayta Cápac b. Pachacuti c. Túpac Amaru d. Atahualpa

D

Brazil produced a total of 1000 tons of _________ in the eighteenth century, a welcome bonanza for Portugal at a time of low agricultural prices. a. Sugar. b. Indigo. c. Silver. d. Gold.

D

The "conquistadors" Francisco Pizarro, Hernán Cortés, and Alonso Ortíz all originated in the Spanish region of __________. a. Catalonia. b. Granada. c. Valencia. d. Estremadura.

D

Portuguese colonial cities and Jesuits repeatedly clashed over the ____________ of the "pioneers" (bandeirantes) into the Brazilian interior. a. Slave raids. b. Tax evasion. c. Scientific discoveries. d. Silver mining.

A

By the early seventeenth century, a powerful elite of Spanish who ___________, called Creoles, was in place to assist the Spanish administrators. a. Had accompanied the conquistadors in the 1510s. b. Had joined a specially created Franciscan order of priests. c. Had been born in the Americas. d. Had been brought across the Atlantic to marry the men and produce children.

C

Juana Inés de la Cruz secretly studied Latin, Greek, and _________ in her maternal grandfather's library. a. Hebrew. b. French. c. Nahuatl. d. Mayan.

C

The original English colonies in North America went from being merely English to being part of a "British" empire after the _________. a. War of the Spanish Succession b. English Civil War c. English-Scottish union of 1707 d. Seven Years' War

C

Beginning in the mid-sixteenth century, easy looting for gold and silver was replaced by a search for the mines from where these precious metals came, including all but one of the following regions: a. Paraguay b. Mexico c. Chile d. Bolivia

A

At about the same time, _________, a relative of Cortés, conceived of a plan to conquer the Andean empire of the Incas after hearing rumors about an empire of gold and silver to the south. a. Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca b. Francisco Pizarro c. Pedro de Valdivia d. Juan Ponce de León

B

The oldest city founded by Europeans on the American mainland was the coastal city of _________, established by Hernán Cortés as a base for further inland exploration. a. Progreso b. Veracruz c. Tampico d. Campeche

B

_________was the best-known advocate against the cruelty of the land-labor grant system. a. Hernán Cortés b. Christopher Columbus c. Bartolomé de las Casas d. Alonso Ortíz

C

By means of land-labor grants called __________, Spanish entrepreneurs were entitled to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit natural resources in the New World. a. Encomiendas. b. Haciendas. c. Cabildos. d. Criollos.

A

Colonial cities and Jesuits in Portuguese Brazil repeatedly clashed over the slave raids of the _________, or "pioneers/slave traders," in village territories. a. bandeirantes b. entradas c. mocambos d. quilombos

A

From Quebec, the French embarked on an exploratory and fur-trading mission south into the Great Lakes region, the Mississippi valley and the Mississippi delta, claiming these lands as part of their Canada-Mississippi- _________ territory. a. Louisiana b. Georgia c. Carolina d. Alabama

A

The English and French colonies of North America, lacking a sustainable native industry at first, moved further south in order to develop an agricultural base following the plantation system for growing _________, thus joining the Spanish and Portuguese exploitation of America's sub-tropical agricultural resources. a. indigo and rice b. potatoes c. oranges d. wheat

A

The Spaniards would not take full control of the Inca Empire until________. a. 1572 b. 1535 c. 1600 d. 1550

A

The Spaniards' primary justification for their conquest of the New World was: a. Christ's command to covert the heathen populations in the newly discovered lands b. the search for mineral wealth c. territorial expansion d. scientific exploration

A

The sale of these colonial offices ultimately led to all but one of the following: a. a reduction in the military cost of protecting Spain's New World possessions b. a decline in the competence level of office holders c. the emergence of a Creole elite able to bend the Spanish administration increasingly to its will d. the decentralization of the decision-making processes

A

To support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government ___________ the development of agricultural estates (haciendas). a. Encouraged. b. Suppressed. c. Heavily taxed. d. Dismissed as impractical.

A

Among the English colonists in North America, the first to demand participation in the colonial administration were _________. a. New England lumber dealers b. Virginia tobacco growers c. Georgia cotton growers d. Pennsylvania wheat growers

B

As colonial Brazil grew, the Portuguese created a council in Lisbon to deal with all New World appointments and established a high court for all judicial affairs in the city of _________ in northern Brazil. a. Rio b. Bahia c. Ouro Preto d. Olinda

B

As part of the complex hierarchical administrative system established by the Spaniards in the New World, the municipal councils, or _________, were set up in towns and cities to serve as elective bodies under the supervision of appointed inspectors. a. aduanas b. cabildos c. repartimientos d. audiencias

B

Between _________, it is estimated that Spanish America produced 150,000 tons of silver (including gold converted into silver weight), corresponding roughly to 85% of the world production and underlying the extraordinary role of American silver in the money economies of Spain, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, especially China. a. 1492-1500 b. 1550-1750 c. 1500-1550 d. 1550-1650

B

Colonial Brazil did not offer higher education prior to 1800, which is why the earliest universities in colonial Latin America were all in Spanish America. Among these, the oldest were those of Santo Domingo, Mexico City and _________. a. Córdoba, Argentina b. Lima c. Bogotá d. Quito

B

From the middle of the seventeenth century, the pueblos de indios were fully functional, self-administering units, with councils (________), churches, schools, communal lands, and family parcels. a. Zacatecas. b. Cabildos. c. Criollos. d. Pampas.

B

The Spaniards established land-labor grants or _________entitling the land grantee the use of forced indigenous or imported slave labor on this land for the purpose of exploiting its agricultural and mineral resources. a. aduanas b. encomiendas c. cabildos d. audiencias

B

The earliest settlement in the northeastern coast of North America was: a. Quebec b. Jamestown c. Plymouth d. Boston

B

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the rest of the world is known as the _________. a. Anglo-Portuguese Exchange b. Columbian Exchange c. Louisiana Purchase Exchange d. Indo-European Exchange

B

The most successful _________ settlement in North America was in the subtropical district at the mouth of the Mississippi River, called "Louisiana", where some 300 settlers and 4000 African slaves founded sugar plantations. a. English. b. French. c. Spanish. d. Dutch.

B

The relatively slow pace of the Portuguese conquest in Brazil, compared to the meteoric success the Spaniards enjoyed over the vast Aztec and Inca empires, can be explained by all but one of the following: a. Spanish conquistadors went straight to the top of the imperial pyramid and made full use of their arrogance, bravado and ruthless brutality to secure control b. The Spaniards' use of sophisticated firearms and cannons played a decisive role in combat, especially in close encounters, demonstrating the crucial role of gunpowder technology in bringing down the Aztec and Inca empires c. Both the Aztec and Inca empires were relatively recent creations in which the hierarchical power structure was still divided and contested by enemy factions, thus allowing the Spaniards to form tactical alliances among the subject population and manipulate rival groups against each other d. European-introduced diseases took a devastating toll among the indigenous population ahead of actual military invasion, decimating the locals and thus greatly disrupting and undermining their effectiveness in repelling the Spanish onslaught

B

Ethnic combinations of Europeans and Native Americans and Europeans and Africans were collectively called castas, or "castes," a term originating out of a desire on the part of Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of racial mixture in hopes of counterbalancing the vast masses of Native Americans and Africans. The two most important castes were mestizos (Spanish) /mestiços (Portuguese), born of Iberian fathers and Native American mothers, and _________, born of Iberian fathers and Black mothers. a. moriscos b. sambos c. mulatos d. castizos

C

In the 1540s the Spanish government introduced ___________ called repartimientos, which was a continuation of the mit'a system devised by the Inca for taxation. a. Khipu-calculated tax-tables. b. Apartments for young women. c. Rotating labor assignments. d. Tithe-based church endowments.

C

The Columbian Exchange characterizes the transfer of plants, animals, and ________ between the Americas and the rest of the world. a. Minerals. b. Population. c. Diseases. d. Ideas.

C

The Spaniards pioneered silver mining innovations, such as the _________method, which facilitated extraction through the use of mercury. a. "arrastras" b. "magistral" c. "patio" d. "mita"

C

The _________, a primary target of English privateers, carried silver from Mexico to China annually and returned laden with Chinese silks, porcelain and lacquerware. a. Santa Fe Trail b. Old Spanish Trail c. Acapulco-Manila treasure fleet d. Spanish Main

C

The mythical and elusive kingdom of _________, or 'golden city,' became the stuff of legend which would fuel the quest for material riches in the New World in the minds of many a conquistador, though it was never found. a. Saguenay b. Paititi c. El Dorado d. Norumbega

C

The revivalist _________of the 1730s and 1740s used a literal understanding of Protestantism as one of its main foundations and received its main impulse from the work of the brothers John and Charles Wesley, English Methodist preachers who made quite an impact during their tour of Georgia in 1735. a. "Great Faith" b. "Great Awareness" c. "Great Awakening" d. "Great Order"

C

The term "casta" originated in the desire of the Iberian and Creole settlers to draw distinctions among degrees of ___________. a. Wealth and status. b. Commitment to Catholicism. c. Racial mixture. d. Age and establishment of possession.

C

Upon Cortés' arrival at the city of _________, on November 2, 1519, Emperor Moctezuma II was in a quandary over how to deal with these invaders whose depredations neither his tributaries nor his enemies had been able to stop. a. Chalco b. Xochimilco c. Tenochtitlán d. Teotihuacán

C

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas? a. The European disease of smallpox ravaged the native population, vastly reducing the native labor force. b. The Spaniards succeeded in exploiting internal weaknesses in the natives' power structure. c. The Spaniards significantly outnumbered the native population. d. A three-tiered society developed made up of European immigrants, Native Americans and Black slaves imported from Africa.

C

After the demise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and in an effort to regain control over Spain's American possessions, the new French-descended Bourbons put into practice a series of reforms aimed at _________. a. diversifying the economic base of its New World possessions to other European markets b. seeking new sources of mineral wealth c. extending the power of Spanish Church officials in the New World d. improving Spain's naval connections and administrative control in the New World

D

Among the gifts of submission presented to Cortés on the Mexican mainland was _________, the daughter of an Aztec lord and someone who would go on to play a crucial role in securing the success of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. a. Huitzilxotzin b. Llancueitl c. Xiuhcuetzin d. Malinche

D

In order to support the mining centers and administrative cities, the Spanish colonial government encouraged the development of agricultural estates or _________. a. reducciones b. paradores c. estancias d. haciendas

D

Leading a motley force of about 530 Spanish men, _________defeated a much larger indigenous force at Tabasco in 1518. a. Francisco Pizarro. b. Minas Gerais. c. Alonso Ortíz. d. Hernán Cortés.

D

Of the approximately 144,000 estimated Native Americans in New England in 1600, fewer than 15,000 remained by ______. a. 1607. b. 1690. c. 1776. d. 1620.

D

The Habsburg Wars placed a tremendous strain on Spain's revenue base forcing the Crown into repeated bankruptcy and ultimately leading to the sale of _________in the New World to the highest bidder. a. academic offices b. ecclesiastical offices c. military offices d. administrative offices

D

The Seven Years' War in the New World was ultimately won by the superiority and tactical maneuvering of _________over the French forces. a. Great Britain's European allies b. Great Britain's Indian allies c. the British Army d. the British navy

D

The pattern of settlement in North America in the seventeenth century followed the trail of French, English and Dutch _________who grew their own food and traded with the local natives for furs. a. Catholic missionaries b. bounty hunters c. Protestant missionaries d. merchant investors

D

_________were American-born descendants of European settlers, primarily of Iberian ancestry. a. Castizos b. Sambos c. Mestizos d. Creoles

D