A&P Chapter 26 Test

Mastication is the process of chemically reducing food bulk into smaller particles to facilitate swallowing. (True/False)

False

Protein digestion begins in the small intestine. (True/False)

False

The muscularis of the GI tract contains two layers of smooth muscles: the outer circular layer and the inner longitudinal layer.

False

Parietal cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce

HCl (hydrochloric acid)

Normal bacterial flora in the large intestine are responsible for the production of vitamins B and

K

Select all that are major functions of the muscularis layer of the GI tract.

Peristalsis Mixing

Which of these are classified as carbohydrates? Check all that apply.

Polysaccharides Monosaccharides

Check all that are characteristics of the esophagus.

The mucosa is composed of thick, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The two layers of muscle in the superior one-third of the muscularis are skeletal.

All enzymes that digest protein are released as inactive enzymes and must be activated because the enzymes would destroy the proteins within the cells that produce them. (True/False)

True

G-cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce a hormone called __________ that stimulates stomach secretions and motility.

gastrin

What are the primary hormones that participate in the regulation of the processes of digestion? Check all that apply.

gastrin Cholecystokinin (CCK) secretin

Name the gland cells of the epithelium in the small intestine. Check all that apply.

globlet cells unicellular gland cells enterendocrine cells

Enteroendocrine cells of the lower part of the small intestine produce the hormones cholecystokinin (CCK) and

glucose-insulinotropic peptide (gip)

The enzyme pepsin is formed from pepsinogen through the action of

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Which organs are components of the lower gastrointestinal tract? Check all that apply.

large intestine liver small intestine

Which of the following is an accessory digestive organ?

liver

What are the names of the individual mesenteries associated with specific GI organs? Check all that apply.

mesocolon greater omentum faliciform ligament

Check all that are a function of the esophagus.

movement of a bolus of food from the pharynx to the stomach prevents materials from returning from the stomach

The mucosa of the esophagus is lined with ___________ squamous epithelium.

nonkeratinized stratified

DNA and RNA (nucleic acids) are polymers of nucleotides that are broken down, first, by pancreatic enzymes and then completed by intestinal brush border enzymes which include phosphatase and _____________.

nucleosidase

The _________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.

pancreas

The accessory organs of the lower GI tract include the liver, gallbladder, and

pancreas

Which of these are accessory organs of the GI tract? Check all that apply.

pancreas gallbladder

Between the partietal and visceral peritoneum is the thin

peritoneal cavity

Secretin is released from the small intestine primarily in response to the acidic chyme coming from the stomach and secretin causes the release of an alkaline solution containing bicarbonate from both the liver and pancreas. (True/False)

true

Stimulation of the salivary glands is primarily through parasympathetic neurons from the facial (VII) cranial nerve to the submandibular and sublingual glands and from the glossopharyngeal (IX) cranial nerve to the parotid gland. (True/False)

true

What are the serous membranes of the GI tract called? Check all that apply.

visceral peritoneum parietal peritoneum

Two sets of teeth develop and erupt; the first set are 20 teeth called deciduous (milk) teeth and the final set are ____ teeth called permanent teeth.

32

_________ is a hormone released from the small intestine primarily in response to fatty chyme in the intestinal lumen.

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

The intestinal phase of digestion involves both the intestinal reflex and the release of two primary hormones: _______ and secretin.

Cholecystokinin (cck)

Once inside epithelial cells, fatty acids are reattached to monoglycerides reforming triglycerides; triglycerides are then wrapped with other proteins by the Golgi to form ____________ that enter the lymphatic system.

Chylomicrons

All enzymes that digest protein are released as inactive enzymes because if the enzymes were active when released, they would "eat away" the cells lining the pancreatic ducts as they pass through the ducts. (True/False)

True

The process of moving substances through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called

absorption

Salivary __________ breaks the chemical bond between two glucose molecules; it breaks down the long polysaccharide starch molecule into smaller and smaller pieces until only glucose results.

amylase

What is the function of bile?

break down fats to assist in their chemical digestion

A disaccharide is a type of

carbohydrate

Motility and secretion in the stomach is generated by the __________ reflex initiated by thought, smell, sight, or taste of food.

cephalic

Which of the following are considered small intestine brush border enzymes participating in carbohydrate digestion?

dextrinase lactase sucrase

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach. (True/False)

false

Completion of all carbohydrate digestion occurs only in the small intestine with enzymes secreted from the pancreas. (True/False)

false

The epithelial lining of the oral cavity has a transitional epithelium.

false

The liver stores, concentrates, and releases bile into the duodenum. (True/False)

false

Which organs and accessory structures are considered part of the upper GI tract? Check all that apply.

pharynx duodenum stomach esophagus

Digestive reflexes that do not involve the central nervous system but instead are local and occur only within the enteric nervous system are called ________ reflexes.

short

The stomach is lined by a

simple columnar epithelium

Check all that line the mucosa of the large intestine.

simple columnar epithelium globlet cells intestinal glands

The muscularis usually contains two layers of _____ muscle.

smooth

Which of these is an organ of the gastrointestinal tract as opposed to an accessory organ?

stomach

In which gastrointestinal tunic are general receptors located? Check all that apply.

submucosa mucsoa