Chapter 18

What is the best explanation for why tenancy became widespread in the South? A. Southern farmers preferred not to own land. B. Blacks generally refused to leave the localities where they had lived all their lives. C. A shortage of cash and credit made land ownership difficult. D. It made cattle ranching more practical.

A shortage of cash and credit made land ownership difficult

32. By 1887 Congress had become so alarmed at foreign ownership of western land that it enacted the A. Homestead Act. B. Alien Land Law. C. Dawes Severalty Act. D. America for Americans Law.

Alien Land Law

25. What was the difference between the racial labor identities of California and Texas? A. California had Asian Americans, where Texas did not. B. California had the Latino culture, where Texas had the Mexicanos culture. C. Texas had Anglos, where California did not. D. Texas and California had identical racial labor identities.

California has Asian Americans, where Texas did not

Labor in the construction of the California section of the transcontinental railroad was supplied by A. Irish workers. B. Chinese workers. C. Italian workers. D. Mexican workers

Chinese workers

30. In many plains communities it was the ________ that first instilled order into public life. A. churches B. circuit riding judge C. territorial agent D. county government

Churches

23. In the wake of the Plains Indian wars, U.S. Indian policy changed from a policy of ________ (recognized as a failure by the 1880s) to a policy of ________ (an effort that also failed). A. removing the tribes to the Great Plains; confining the tribes on reservations B. promoting individual land ownership; pacifying the tribes by military means C. concentrating tribes onto reservations; trying to integrate Indians into white society as farmers D. defeating Indian war parties on the battlefield; breaking the power of tribal chieftains

Concentrating tribes onto reservations; trying to integrate Indians into white society as farmers

24. Western booms followed what typical pattern? A. Initially, settlers showed respect for the environment; later immigrants practiced ruthless exploitation. B. Initially, there was accommodation with the Indians; ultimately, a war of extermination was pursued. C. Initially, homesteaders sought new farmlands; eventually, the cattle barons displaced the farmers. D. Initially, individuals rushed in for quick profits; then, corporations moved in with hired labor.

Initially, individuals rushed in for quick profits; then, corporations moved in with hired labor

18. What was the significance of the 98th meridian? A. The Census Bureau considered it the beginning of the frontier. B. It marks a boundary within the plains where the area of scarce rainfall begins. C. It delineates the eastern boundary of the area originally designated for Indian reservations. D. Slavery had not existed beyond that line.

It marks a boundary within the plains where the area of scarce rainfall begins

33. Select the correct order in which the following territories became states, starting with the earliest. A. Nebraska, Arizona, Utah B. New Mexico, Nebraska, Utah C. Utah, Nebraska, New Mexico D. Nebraska, Utah, New Mexico

Nebraska, Utah, New Mexico

All of the following were among developing industries in the New South EXCEPT A. tobacco. B. textiles. C. steel mills. D. oil refining.

Oil Refining

29. Which of the following was NOT true of farming on the western plains? A. Rising crop prices made farming attractive to homesteaders. B. Establishing a homestead farm was expensive for the average family. C. The harshness of nature made farm life difficult. D. Large-scale farmers had a competitive advantage over small farmers.

Rising crop prices made farming attractive to homesteaders

19. Which of the following is NOT true about the environment in the West? A. Wood is scarce in most areas outside the Pacific Northwest. B. Temperature extremes can be dramatic, except near the Pacific coast. C. The Great Plains were for many millennia home to horses and bison, and to Indians who hunted bison on horseback. D. The Great Plains were largely grasslands, requiring heavy investment before a profitable farm could be created.

The Great Plains were for many millennia home to horses and bison, and to Indians who hunted bison on horseback.

How were the cities of the urban West different than the cities of the East? A. The largest were originally old Spanish towns. B. They were actually more populous than those of the Northeast. C. They grew outward instead of upward. D. In the East, the poor typically lived at the city center, where in the West they lived on the periphery of the city.

They grew outward instead of upward

To what does the term "Jim Crow" refer? A. a process by which freed slaves established new communities in Kansas B. a Supreme Court case that declared legalized segregation constitutional C. a system of legalized separation of blacks as socially inferior D. a technique used by the Ku Klux Klan to intimidate rural African Americans in the South so they would not try to vote

a system of legalized separation of blacks as socially inferior

Which of the following does NOT help explain the South's persistent poverty? A. a poor educational system, fostering a largely unskilled work force B. an isolated and low-paid labor pool, primarily geared to farming C. an absence of capital, allowing northern investors to exploit southern resources D. the fact that the South lagged so far behind the North in industrializing

an absence of capital, allowing northern investors to exploit southern resources

26. The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 proved destructive because it A. prevented Indians from selling tribal lands. B. attacked the communal structure of tribal life. C. required different tribes to live together on the same reservation. D. ignored the demands of sympathetic white reformers for a new Indian policy.

attacked the communal structure of tribal life

Which of the following may have offended churchgoing southerners? A. baseball B. log rolling C. quilting bees D. None of these answers is correct

baseball

The combination of a change in American taste, a technological breakthrough, and the accelerated development of a classic southern product gave the South one of its few opportunities to control a national market. What was the item? A. fine hardwood furniture B. beef C. whiskey D. cigarettes

cigarettes

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) A. extended protection to blacks under the Fifteenth Amendment. B. established the concept of "separate but equal." C. banned discrimination from interstate commerce. D. upheld legislation curbing the power of monopolies.

established the concept of "separate but equal."

A. religious imagery was important in the lonely lives of rural folk in the late nineteenth century. B. hopes for the future in the South and West confronted realities of "colonial" economies built on exploited lands and peoples. C. while the South suffered from floods and worn-out soil, westerners suffered from locust infestations and the Dust Bowl. D. both the South and the Midwest lost population as blacks and whites alike joined the "Boomer" land rushes in the far West.

hopes for the future in the South and West confronted realities of "colonial" economies built on exploited lands and peoples.

Dreams of a "New South" centered on a vision for A. industrial development. B. racial harmony. C. recovering the virtues of antebellum southern culture. D. political reform to break the power of conservative elites.

industrial development

22. The earlier federal Indian policy of "concentration" (deemed a failure by the 1880s) sought to A. limit the hunting grounds of many tribes. B. bring all Indians together in a single nation. C. promote tribal rather than individual land ownership. D. surround hostile tribes with a strong

limit the hunting grounds of many tribes

What new industries in the South typified the realities of post-Civil War economic life? A. tobacco and textiles B. lumber and steel C. milling and meatpacking D. mining and ranching

lumber and steel

10. Wages in southern industries remained low because A. of the historic low wage pattern in agriculture. B. unions had no success in organizing key industries. C. of the close relationship between mill owners and workers. D. extremely low wage scales for black workers offset the decent wages whites earned.

of the historic low wage pattern in agriculture

Most new textile workers in the South were A. young, single, African American males. B. young women. C. poor and white. D. middle-class whites.

poor and white

The text makes the point that southern rural folk sought solace, stability, and social opportunity in: a. hunting. b. drinking. c. religion d. reform politics.

religion

"Sharecropping" means A. returning a fraction of the harvest to the landowner as rent. B. planting two separate crops (e.g., cotton and beans) in the same field. C. borrowing against a future crop in order to obtain seed. D. organizing a farm as a corporation to gain tax advantages.

returning a fraction of the harvest to the landowner as rent.

The cattle boom on the Great Plains ended in part because A. many ranchers preferred raising sheep. B. too few people were willing to risk investment. C. severe weather conditions and overproduction wiped out many ranchers. D. new breeds of cattle made ranching less profitable

severe weather conditions and overproduction wiped out many ranchers

21. William Gilpin's vision for the West stressed ________, while John Wesley Powell argued ________. A. that rain would come when the plains were plowed and planted; that water should be controlled by the community as a valued resource B. that the abundant resources of the West should be rapidly developed; that the Indians of the West should be quickly subdued C. that the Indians should be protected from white settlers; that the land should be protected from eastern capitalists D. conservation of the land and its peoples; for exploitation of the land and its peoples

that rain would come when the plains were plowed and planted; that water should be controlled by the community as a valued resource

At the center of southern life was A. slavery. B. the small town. C. the saloon. D. the church.

the church

20. Taos of New Mexico believed that each spring the pregnant earth issued new life. Which of the following is a custom they followed with respect to this belief? A. conducted ritual birth ceremonies B. held a spring festival of allied pueblos C. made ceremonial sacrifices of small game animals D. unshod their horses

unshod their horses

Who were the Redeemers? A. northern reformers who took over southern governments during Reconstruction B. moderate border-state Republicans C. white Democrats vowing to end Republican rule D. non-partisan advocates of equal rights for freedmen

white Democrats vowing to end Republican rule