Chapter 18 Mastering A&P

Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production?

ACTH

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except

ACTH levels

A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?

ADH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

Which of the following statements would NOT be considered a mechanism of action of hormones?

Adjacent cells coordinate cellular activities by exchanging ions and molecules across gap junctions.

Which pancreatic cells secrete glucagon?

Alpha

what is the function of epinephrine

Also called adrenaline, epinephrine increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body experiences stress.

The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by

Increased levels of melatonin

All of the following are true of oxytocin except?

It is stored in the anterior pituitary.

Which of the following is true of the endocrine system?

It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions.

Poorly managed diabetes can adversely affect which organ(s)?

Kidneys, eyes, nerves, heart and blood vessels

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

The majority of thyroid hormones are secreted as ________ but small amounts of ________ is also secreted from the follicle.

T4 and T3

If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

TSH, ACTH, PRL

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

Tyrosine

The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?

blood level of an ion like calcium

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except

build up bone

The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormones is achieved through an increase in _________

cAMP in the cytoplasm

What hormone does the thyroid secrete?

calcitonin

Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?

catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?

chaperone proteins (chaperonins)

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids

Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?

cortisol

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

diabetes mellitus

Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the

epidermis of the integumentary system

Adrenal medulla produces

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

Which of the following is false concerning melatonin?

exposure to light stimulates production

At about 4pm in the afternoon, you could expect that ________ will be released if you have not eaten since 12pm.

glucagon

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces

glucocorticoids

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it

is a component of the hypothalamus

_______ feedback control reduces variations away from a desired physiological state.

negative

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

neurohypophysis

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin

If a hormone does NOT directly affect cellular activities, it is most likely a __________.

peptide hormone

Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.

phosphodiesterase

What is the role of activated protein kinases?

phosphorylate proteins

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

phosphorylation

Melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland

Melatonin is secreted by

pinealocytes

Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.

plasma membrane receptors

Which of the following body cavities is superior to the diaphragm

pleural cavity

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

prolactin

milk production is stimulated by _______, milk ejection is stimulated by _________.

prolactin and oxytocin

lipid soluble hormones usually bind to ______ receptors

intracellular

How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?

Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.

Which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids and what is the primary mineralocorticoid?

Zona glomerulosa, aldosterone

What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?

activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell

After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?

acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene

The patient is receiving exogenous cortisol in the form of hydrocortisone shots for a sinus infection. Their natural adrenal secretion of cortisol will decrease due to negative feedback on the ______ reducing the secretion of ________.

anterior pituitary; ACTH

The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the __________.

hypothalamus

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is

increased water conservation by kidneys

The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is

inhibin

Which of the following is an example of an autocrine communication?

smooth muscle cells secreting prostaglandins that cause the contraction of the smooth muscle cells

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of_____ and the excretion of _________

sodium ions, potassium ions

The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce

somatostatin

All of the following are functions of LH except

stimulating follicle development

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

synthesis and release

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except

testosterone

An example of a sensor in a negative feedback loop that controls the body temperature is _____.

thermoreceptor

The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are

thymosins

The thyroid gland is composed of many _______ that produce and store thyroid hormone

thyroid follicles

Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?

thyroid hormone

List the effects of glucagon

to increase blood glucose levels by increasing the breakdown of glycogen and fat, and by increasing the synthesis and release of glucose by the liver