Chapter 18 Mastering A&P
Which of these hormones exerts a strong effect on adrenal steroid production?
ACTH
A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except
ACTH levels
A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?
ADH
Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of
ADH
Which of the following statements would NOT be considered a mechanism of action of hormones?
Adjacent cells coordinate cellular activities by exchanging ions and molecules across gap junctions.
Which pancreatic cells secrete glucagon?
Alpha
what is the function of epinephrine
Also called adrenaline, epinephrine increases blood pressure and heart rate when the body experiences stress.
The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by
Increased levels of melatonin
All of the following are true of oxytocin except?
It is stored in the anterior pituitary.
Which of the following is true of the endocrine system?
It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions.
Poorly managed diabetes can adversely affect which organ(s)?
Kidneys, eyes, nerves, heart and blood vessels
The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is
LH
The majority of thyroid hormones are secreted as ________ but small amounts of ________ is also secreted from the follicle.
T4 and T3
If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?
TSH, ACTH, PRL
Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid
Tyrosine
The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?
blood level of an ion like calcium
Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except
build up bone
The amplification of the signal from a water-soluble hormones is achieved through an increase in _________
cAMP in the cytoplasm
What hormone does the thyroid secrete?
calcitonin
Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones?
catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids
What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor?
chaperone proteins (chaperonins)
Peptide hormones are
composed of amino acids
Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors?
cortisol
Hormones known as "catecholamines" are
derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
diabetes mellitus
Cholecalciferol is synthesized within the
epidermis of the integumentary system
Adrenal medulla produces
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
Which of the following is false concerning melatonin?
exposure to light stimulates production
At about 4pm in the afternoon, you could expect that ________ will be released if you have not eaten since 12pm.
glucagon
When blood glucose levels fall,
glucagon is released
The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces
glucocorticoids
The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
growth hormone
Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it
is a component of the hypothalamus
_______ feedback control reduces variations away from a desired physiological state.
negative
The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the
neurohypophysis
The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are
oxytocin
If a hormone does NOT directly affect cellular activities, it is most likely a __________.
peptide hormone
Cyclic AMP is degraded by __________.
phosphodiesterase
What is the role of activated protein kinases?
phosphorylate proteins
A kinase is an enzyme that performs
phosphorylation
Melatonin is produced by the
pineal gland
Melatonin is secreted by
pinealocytes
Water-soluble hormones affect target cells by binding to __________.
plasma membrane receptors
Which of the following body cavities is superior to the diaphragm
pleural cavity
The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is
prolactin
milk production is stimulated by _______, milk ejection is stimulated by _________.
prolactin and oxytocin
lipid soluble hormones usually bind to ______ receptors
intracellular
How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells?
Hormones are transported through the blood stream to target cells.
Which zone of the adrenal cortex produces mineralocorticoids and what is the primary mineralocorticoid?
Zona glomerulosa, aldosterone
What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones?
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene
The patient is receiving exogenous cortisol in the form of hydrocortisone shots for a sinus infection. Their natural adrenal secretion of cortisol will decrease due to negative feedback on the ______ reducing the secretion of ________.
anterior pituitary; ACTH
The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the __________.
hypothalamus
The main action of antidiuretic hormone is
increased water conservation by kidneys
The hormone that opposes the release of FSH in both males and females is
inhibin
Which of the following is an example of an autocrine communication?
smooth muscle cells secreting prostaglandins that cause the contraction of the smooth muscle cells
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of_____ and the excretion of _________
sodium ions, potassium ions
The delta cells of the pancreatic islets produce
somatostatin
All of the following are functions of LH except
stimulating follicle development
TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.
synthesis and release
Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except
testosterone
An example of a sensor in a negative feedback loop that controls the body temperature is _____.
thermoreceptor
The hormones that are important for coordinating the immune response are
thymosins
The thyroid gland is composed of many _______ that produce and store thyroid hormone
thyroid follicles
Which hormone's receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty?
thyroid hormone
List the effects of glucagon
to increase blood glucose levels by increasing the breakdown of glycogen and fat, and by increasing the synthesis and release of glucose by the liver