Chapter 18 Micro Hw
What is an adjuvant? a vaccine that contains only nucleic acids a molecule physically linked to another molecule to stimulate antibody production a chemical additive that increases the safety of vaccines a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines
a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines
Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n) antibody response against gram-positive bacteria. antibody response against these bacterial toxins. TC cell response. dendritic cell proliferation. immune complex.
antibody response against these bacterial toxins
In an agglutination test, eight serial dilutions to determine antibody titer were set up. Tube #1 contained a 1:2 dilution; tube #2, a 1:4, etc. If tube #6 is the last tube showing agglutination, what is the antibody titer? 32 64 1:32 1:6 6
64
__________ reactions are used to detect antibodies for relatively large pathogens, such as bacteria. For these tests, the antigen is mixed with the test sample at various dilutions. Reaction mixes are then monitored for the formation of visible aggregates. Precipitation Western blotting Agglutination ELISA
Agglutination
on test. Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus? You are conducting a viral hemagglutination inhibition test. Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus? Hemagglutination does not occur in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does occur when the patient's serum is added. Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added. An antigen-antibody reaction will occur, resulting in precipitation. Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes and also occurs when the patient's serum is added.
Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added.
The earliest vaccinations were against smallpox. Which of the following statements about the history of smallpox vaccinations is FALSE? The earliest vaccinations were called variolations and protected people from smallpox by inoculating them with smallpox matter. Edward Jenner inoculated people with cowpox in an attempt to protect them from smallpox. Proteins from dairy cows were injected into people to protect them from smallpox. Chinese physicians prevented smallpox disease by having children inhale dried smallpox scabs.
Proteins from dairy cows were injected into people to protect them from smallpox.
The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine? Inactivated killed vaccine Subunit vaccine Toxoid vaccine DNA vaccine
Subunit vaccine
What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine? These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein. They contain the DNA from a pathogenic virus. They contain only the non-pathogenic elements of a pathogen, not the entire cell.
These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines? They are usually highly effective. They are usually safer than other types of vaccines. They often produce a more complete type of immunity that includes both humoral and cell-mediated components. They often do not require boosters.
They are usually safer than other types of vaccines
Why is it necessary to give the HPV vaccine in multiple doses? The viral DNA used in the vaccine needs a long time to integrate into the host genome and elicit an immune response. Vaccines for viruses must be given in multiple doses because the viral particles are not very immunogenic. Three doses of the HPV vaccine are given to elicit both a humoral and a cell-mediated response. DNA vaccines are not very stable; therefore, multiple doses must be given to ensure an immune response.
Three doses of the HPV vaccine are given to elicit both a humoral and a cell-mediated response.
Kelly learns that the diagnosis of HPV may rely on the presence of viral DNA. Other infectious agents can be diagnosed based on immunologic responses. Which of the following represents an immunologic-based diagnostic test? Select all that apply. agglutination reactions polymerase chain reaction (PCR) precipitation reactions fluorescent-antibody techniques
agglutination actions, precipitation reactions, fluorescent-antibody techniques
A reaction between antibody and particulate antigen is called a(n) agglutination reaction. complement fixation. immunofluorescence. neutralization reaction. precipitation reaction.
agglutination reaction
Which item is from the patient in a direct ELISA test? antibodies against the antigen antigen substrate for the enzyme antihuman immune serum
antigen
Monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnostic tests and disease treatments because they contain a mixture of antibodies. are highly specific, they can be produced in large quantities, and they contain a mixture of antibodies. can be produced in large quantities. are highly specific. are highly specific and they can be produced in large quantities.
are highly specific and they can be produced in large quantities
BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guérin. This is an example of which type of vaccine? subunit vaccine toxoid vaccine inactivated whole agent vaccine attenuated whole agent vaccine
attenuated whole agent vaccine
Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine. subunit, attenuated whole agent attenuated whole agent, subunit attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent inactivated whole agent, attenuated whole agent
attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent
Live weakened polio virus can be used directly in a(n) inactivated whole-agent vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine. subunit vaccine. toxoid vaccine.
attenuated whole-agent vaccine
What type of vaccine is the live, weakened measles virus? attenuated whole-agent vaccine conjugated vaccine nucleic acid vaccine toxoid vaccine subunit vaccine
attenuated whole-agent vaccine
A reaction that uses the absence of hemolysis of red blood cells to indicate an antigenantibody reaction is called a(n) agglutination reaction. complement fixation. immunofluorescence. neutralization reaction. precipitation reaction.
complement fixation
Patient's serum, influenza virus, and red blood cells are mixed in a tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus? complement fixation agglutination hemolysis hemagglutination hemagglutination-inhibition
hemagglutination-inhibition
The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n) toxoid vaccine. inactivated killed vaccine. DNA vaccine. conjugated vaccine.
inactivated killed vaccine
Which of the following tests is MOST useful in determining the presence of AIDS antibodies? direct fluorescent-antibody indirect ELISA neutralization complement fixation agglutination
indirect ELISA
A patient's serum, Mycobacterium, guinea pig complement, sheep red blood cells, and anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies are mixed in a test tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies to Mycobacterium? Hemolysis occurs. Bacteria fluoresce. Hemagglutination occurs. No hemolysis occurs. Hemagglutination-inhibition occurs.
no hemolysis occurs
What type of vaccine involves host synthesis of viral antigens? subunit vaccine conjugated vaccine attenuated whole-agent vaccine toxoid vaccine nucleic acid vaccine
nucleic acid vaccine
A vaccine against HIV proteins made by a genetically-engineered vaccinia virus that has infected a eukaryotic cell line is a(n) toxoid vaccine. nucleic acid vaccine. subunit vaccine. inactivated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine.
subunit vaccine
Isolated and purified hepatitis B virus surface antigen can be used in a(n) inactivated whole-agent vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine. subunit vaccine. toxoid vaccine.
subunit vaccine
The development of vaccines is considered the single most important application of immunology. What are the benefits associated with vaccinations? Select all that apply. control of viral disease herd immunity eradication of disease protection during travels
All of the above
What is the primary benefit of vaccination? Vaccines provide antibodies against the pathogen that persist forever in the body. An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen. Vaccinated persons get used to the symptoms of a disease. Unvaccinated persons can never mount an immune response to a pathogen.
An immune responce will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.
Which of the following statements about measles is FALSE? It is preventable by vaccination. Complications include pneumonia, encephalitis, and death. It is a serious disease. The disease has been eradicated in the United States. Annually, it kills thousands of children worldwide.
The disease has been eradicated in the United States
A patient shows the presence of antibodies against diphtheria toxin. Which of the following statements is FALSE? The patient may have the disease. The patient may have had the disease and has recovered. The patient may have been vaccinated. A recent transfusion may have passively introduced the antibodies. The patient was near someone who had the disease.
The patient was near someone who had the disease
Which of the following is NOT a reason why monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are useful? They can be produced in large quantities. They are always highly sensitive. They are highly specific. They are uniform.
They are highly sensitive
A highly specific diagnostic test will be unlikely to indicate a positive result if a specimen being tested is a true negative. True False
True
What does a vaccine contain? Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen Live active pathogens B cells against a pathogen T cells against a pathogen
Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen
Haemophilus capsule polysaccharide plus diphtheria toxoid is a(n) inactivated whole-agent vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine. subunit vaccine. toxoid vaccine.
conjugated vaccine
Direct fluorescent-antibody techniques are frequently used to __________. detect soluble antigens via the formation of aggregates detect antibodies in a clinical sample detect microorganisms in a clinical sample produce monoclonal antibodies
detect microorganisms in a clinical sample
An ELISA for Hepatitis C has 95 percent sensitivity and 90 percent specificity. This means that the test detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results. detects 90 percent of the true positive samples and has 5 percent false positive results. detects 5 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results. detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 90 percent false positive results. detects 5 percent of the true positive samples and has 90 percent false positive results.
detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results.
Which of the following is a test to determine a patient's blood type by mixing the patient's red blood cells with antisera? passive agglutination reaction direct agglutination reaction neutralization reaction immunofluorescence precipitation reaction
direct agglutination reaction
A test used to identify Streptococcus pyogenes in a patient's throat swab is the indirect ELISA test. direct fluorescent-antibody test. indirect fluorescent-antibody test. hemagglutination-inhibition test. hemagglutination test.
direct fluorescent-antibody test
Which of the following is a pregnancy test used to find the fetal hormone HCG in a woman's urine using anti-HCG and latex spheres? direct agglutination reaction immunofluorescence precipitation reaction indirect agglutination reaction neutralization reaction
indirect agglutination reaction
A test used to identify antibodies against Treponema pallidum in a patient's serum is the direct ELISA test. direct fluorescent-antibody test. hemagglutination-inhibition test. direct agglutination test. indirect fluorescent-antibody test.
indirect fluorescent-antibody test
Which of the following is a basic type of vaccine? Select all that apply. nucleic acid vaccines subunit vaccine live, attenuated vaccine antitoxin vaccines
nucleic acid vaccines subunit vaccine live, attenuated vaccine
A reaction between an antibody and soluble antigen-forming lattices is called a(n) agglutination reaction. complement fixation. immunofluorescence. neutralization reaction. precipitation reaction.
precipitation reaction
Which of the following is a test to determine the presence of soluble antigens in a patient's saliva? precipitation reaction passive agglutination reaction immunofluorescence direct agglutination reaction neutralization reaction
precipitation reaction
Purified protein from Bordetella pertussis is used in a(n) subunit vaccine. conjugated vaccine. nucleic acid vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. toxoid vaccine.
subunit vaccine
Inactivated tetanus toxin is a(n) conjugated vaccine. inactivated whole-agent vaccine. subunit vaccine. toxoid vaccine. nucleic acid vaccine.
toxoid vaccine
To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine? inactivated whole agent vaccine attenuated whole agent vaccine toxoid vaccine subunit vaccine
toxoid vaccine
Which of the following are sources of antibodies for serological testing? vaccinated animals, cells producing monoclonal antibodies, and viral cultures cells producing monoclonal antibodies viral cultures vaccinated animals vaccinated animals and cells producing monoclonal antibodies
vaccinated animals and cell producing monoclonal antibodies
The clumping of test red blood cells indicates a negative test result (no antibodies against the virus in the patient's serum) in the viral hemagglutination inhibition test. complement-fixation test. direct agglutination test. precipitation test. indirect agglutination test.
viral hemagglutination inhibition test
Which of the following best describes vaccination? An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures. An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures because the body produces macrophages that live a long time and can remember the pathogen. An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the body has an inflammatory response, which protects the individual from subsequent exposures. An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the innate immune system is stimulated.
An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.
All of the following are generally used in vaccines EXCEPT toxoids. inactivated viruses. antibodies. parts of bacterial cells. live, attenuated viruses.
Antibodies
Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease? Inactivated killed vaccine Attenuated live vaccine Toxoid vaccine and inactivated killed vaccine Toxoid vaccine
Attenuated live vaccine
A hybridoma results from the fusion of a(an) myeloma cell with a virus. B cell with a T cell. antigen with a B cell. B cell with a myeloma cell. antigen with an antibody.
B cell with a myeloma cell
What is the function of boosters? Boosters are the highly antigenic portions of the conjugated vaccines. Boosters help to kill the pathogens used in inactivated killed vaccines. Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity. Boosters are vaccines containing no pathogenic portions of the pathogen.
Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.
I have a new test for determining whether a patient is infected with the influenza virus. It is very specific but not very sensitive. What does this mean? False positives and false negatives will happen with high frequency. Both false positives and false negatives will be rare. False positives will be rare, but false negatives may happen frequently. False positives will happen frequently, but false negatives will be rare.
False positives will be rare, but false negatives may happen frequently.
When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later? Memory B cells Memory cytotoxic T cells Helper T cells Bacterial pathogens
Memory cytotoxic T cells
A DNA plasmid encoding a protein antigen from West Nile virus is injected into muscle cells of a horse. This is an example of a(n) nucleic acid vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. subunit vaccine. live whole-agent vaccine. conjugated vaccine.
Nucleic acid vaccine