Chapter 18

Which of the following statements about sunlight and skin cancer is true?

Any cumulative exposure to the sun increases the risk of cancer.

In order for cancer (i.e., a malignant tumor) to develop, what two things must occur?

Cells must divide uncontrollably, and they must experience physical changes that allow them to break away from surrounding cells.

Which of the following statements about breast cancer is true?

Early onset of menstruation and/or late onset of menopause is a risk factor for the development of breast cancer.

Which of the following statements regarding skin cancer is true?

Skin cancer can develop from cumulative sun exposure, even in the absence of sunburns.

Which of the following does NOT occur as a cell progresses toward becoming cancerous?

The cell retains its normal function.

A cell is dividing under circumstances when cell division would normally be inhibited. Which of the following is a regulatory gene that has probably been inactivated in the cell?

a tumor-suppressor gene

One mechanism by which viral infections may increase the risk of cancer is __________.

altering the function of regulatory genes

The growth of new blood vessels to support rapidly growing tumors is called __________.

angiogenesis

Which of the following cancer treatments prevents growth of blood vessels that support growing tumors?

anti-angiogenic drugs

Which of the following skin cancers is INCORRECTLY matched with its characteristic?

basal cell cancer--metastasizes quickly

Which of the following imaging techniques expose(s) the body to radiation?

both X-rays and PET scans

Metastasis is enabled by __________.

both the lymphatic and circulatory systems

Which cancer appears to be prevented by a vaccine?

cervical cancer

Smoking increases the risk of developing __________.

cervical cancer bladder cancer lung cancer

Hair loss, anemia, nausea, and depletion of white blood cells are side effects most often associated with __________.

chemotherapy

Which of the following cancer treatments would be most effective at targeting both the original cancer as well as metastases?

chemotherapy

Which of the following represents the correct order of steps leading to the development of malignant cancer?

hyperplasia, dysplasia, in situ cancer, metastasis and/or invasion

Cell division in healthy cells __________.

is controlled by regulatory genes

The ABCD rule refers to the evaluation of __________.

melanoma

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 __________.

mutations can be identified in carriers by a blood test

Proto-oncogenes are __________.

normal regulatory genes that promote cell division

Select the sequence of developments that occurs in forming a malignant tumor, beginning with a single cell.

single mutated cell, hyperplasia, dysplasia, in situ cancer, malignant tumor

The most common cause(s) of cancer deaths in the United States is/are __________.

smoking

An enzyme that occurs rarely in normal cells but frequently in cancer cells is __________.

telomerase

Inheriting a mutated proto-oncogene from one or both of your parents means that __________.

you are at an increased risk for cancer