Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System
The ___ valves, located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each side, prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles are contracting
AV
The pacemaker of the heart is the ____ ___
SA Node
Heart Sounds: "Lub"
closure of the AV valves
Heart Sounds: "Dup"
closure of the semilunar valves
The AV valve with two flaps is called the _____ valve.
mitral (bicuspid)
The _____ valve prevents backflow into the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
Anatomy of the Heart: The Heart Muscle
myocardium
The right ventricle pumps blood into the ____ ____, which routes blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.
pulmonary trunk
Anatomy of the Heart: Valves that prevent backward flow of blood into the ventricles.
semilunar
The left ventricle discharges blood into the ____, from which all systemic arteries of the body diverge to supply the body tissues.
aorta
The ____ valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle
aortic (semilunar)
Blood flows into the ___ under low pressure from the veins of the body.
atria
The thin _____ are mainly the receiving chambers of the heart and only contract minimally
atria
The noncontractile cardiac muscle cells that initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart are called _____ _____.
pacemaker cells
The trabeculae carneae are located in the __________.
ventricles
The lining of the heart chambers is called the __________.
endocardium
The lining of the heart is called the _____
endocardium
The serous layer covering the heart muscle is known as _____
epicardium
Guided by powerful signaling molecules, the human heart develops from __________. A. mesoderm B. ectoderm C. cardioderm D. endoderm
A.
Into which chamber of the heart do the pulmonary veins deliver blood? A. left atrium B. right ventricle C. left ventricle D. right atrium
A.
The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which __________. A. the muscle cell will not respond to a stimulus of any strength B. the muscle cell will respond only to an exceptionally strong stimulus C. the muscle cell is ready to respond to a threshold stimulus D. the muscle cell is ready to respond to any stimulus E. the muscle cell will respond only to a sub-threshold stimulus
A.
Which of the following blood vessels returns blood to the heart? A. superior vena cava B. pulmonary artery C. pulmonary trunk D. aorta
A.
Anatomy of the Heart: Superior "holding" chambers
Atria
An enlarged R wave on an ECG would indicate __________. A. a myocardial infarction B. an enlarged ventricle C. cardiac ischemia D. repolarization abnormalities
B.
Found in the interventricular septum A. SA node B. AV bundle C. Purkinje fibers D. AV node
B.
Which of the following valves is most often faulty in the heart? A. the tricuspid valve B. the mitral, or bicuspid, valve C. the aortic semilunar valve D. the pulmonary semilunar valve
B.
A doctor puts his stethoscope on a patient's chest over the location of the heart and hears an abnormal swishing sound. Which of the following conditions is the best diagnosis for the patient's condition? A. myocardial infarction B. angina pectoris C. incompetent cardiac valve D. cardiac tamponade
C.
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the __________. A. lungs and flows directly to the left atrium B. right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs C. left ventricle and flows directly to the aorta D. right atrium and flows directly to the lungs E. right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta
C.
Network found in the ventricular myocardium A. SA node B. AV bundle C. Purkinje fibers D. AV node
C.
The lining of the heart chambers is called the __________. A. myocardium B. epicardium C. endocardium D. pericardium
C.
Select the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart. A. right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, right ventricle B. right ventricle, right atrium, pulmonary veins, pulmonary arteries, left ventricle, left atrium C. left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, right atrium, right ventricle D. right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle
D.
The P wave of an electrocardiogram represents __________. A. ventricular depolarization B. ventricular repolarization C. atrial repolarization D. atrial depolarization
D.
True or False: The left coronary artery branches include the anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery
True
Arteries: Supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles
anterior interventricular
The coronary arteries arise from the __________.
aorta
The vessel with the thickest walls is the ____
aorta
Anatomy of the Heart: Valves located between the superior an inferior chambers.
atrioventricular
________ are the flaplike appendages attached to the atria that increase the atrial volume
auricles
The events associated with blood flow through the heart during one complete heartbeat is called the ____ ____
cardiac cycle
The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute is called ___ ___
cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute is referred to as ____ ____
cardiac output
Systole is associated with _____
contraction
The muscles of the heart are nourished by the left and right ____ arteries
coronary
The vessels that carry oxygen to the myocardium are called _____ _____.
coronary arteries
What vessels supply blood to the heart muscle?
coronary arteries
The ___ ___ returns venous blood of the coronary circulation to the right atrium
coronary sinus
The great, middle, and small cardiac veins drain the myocardium and empty into the _____ _____.
coronary sinus
The period of ventricular filling is called _____
diastole
Extrasystole, or premature contraction, can be caused by ____ or abnormal pacemakers
ectopic
An ____ ____ can result when the sinoatrial (SA) node is defective
ectopic focus
____ is characterized by rapid and irregular or out-of-phase contractions of the heart chambers.
fibrillation
Whereas the ______ pericardium is responsible for anchoring, protecting, and preventing overfilling of the heart, the _____ pericardium is important to ensuring the lubrication of the heart
fibrous; serous
Because cardiac cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions, they behave as a single unit called a ____ ____
functional syncytium
The contractile cardiac muscle fibers of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called a _____ _____.
functional syncytium
Damage to the AV node is referred to as ___ ___
heart block
The unique structural features that interdigitate cardiac muscle cells are called _____ _____.
intercalated discs
Freshly oxygenated blood is delivered to the _____ _____, and then it passes into the _____ _____ to be pumped to the body tissues (systemic circuit).
left atrium; left ventricle
The chamber with the thickest wall is the ____ ____
left ventricle
In the fetus, the ductus arteriosus allows blood to pass directly from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta; after birth, this structure can be seen as a cordlike structure called the _____ _____.
ligamentum ateriosum
The chordae tendineae originate from small bundles of cardiac muscle called ____ ____
papillary muscle
The structure just deep to the fibrous pericardium is the _____ _____.
parietal pericardium
The ______ ______ are located in the walls of the atria and are not attached to the flaps of the AV valves
pectinate muscles
The heart is enclosed within a double-walled sac called the __________.
pericardium
Arteries: Runs to the apex of the heart
posterior interventricular
Diastole is associated with _____
relaxation
The _____ _____ receives blood both from the superior and inferior venae cavae.
right atrium
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the ______ _____.
right atrium
Arteries: Supplies blood to the lateral right side of the myocardium
right marginal
____ ____ refers to the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle with each heartbeat
stroke volume
The movement of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta constitutes part of the _____ circuit
systemic
The ____ valve prevents backflow into the right atrium.
tricuspid
The __________ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the sinoatrial (SA) node.
vagus
The interventricular septum forms a dividing wall between the two ______
ventricles
The powerful ______ have much thick walls and make up the majority of the heart's volume
ventricles
The role of the atrioventricular node (AV node) is to __________. A. slow down impulses so that the atria can contract to fill the adjacent ventricles with blood B. initiate ventricular depolarization C. conduct impulses to the sinoatrial node (SA node) D. initiate a sinus rhythm
A.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the shape, position, and location of the heart? A. The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane. B. The heart is located between the two lungs within the mediastinum. C. Approximately two-thirds of the heart is found to the left of the midline. D. The heart is shaped like a cone with the base facing the right shoulder.
A.
Which of the following structures is superficial to the heart wall and serves to protect the heart, anchor the heart, and prevent the heart from overfilling? A. the epicardium B. the parietal layer of serous pericardium C. the pericardial sac D. the fibrous pericardium
A.
Which vessel(s) supply/supplies the blood to the heart muscle? A. coronary arteries B. carotid arteries C. pulmonary arteries D. great cardiac vein
A.
The second heart sound (the "dup" of "lub-dup") is caused by the __________. A. opening of the atrioventricular valves B. opening of the semilunar valves C. closure of the semilunar valves D. closure of the atrioventricular valves
C.
What part of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump? A. the right ventricle B. the right atrium C. the left ventricle D. the pericardium
C.
Which of the following factors gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue? A. gap junctions B. the coronary circulation C. a very large number of mitochondria in the cytoplasm D. the presence of intercalated discs
C.
Cardiac output is __________. A. the amount of blood filling each ventricle at the end of diastole B. the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during every ventricular contraction C. the number of impulses fired by the SA node in one minute D. the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute E. the number of times the heart beats in one minute
D.
From the perspective of blood returning from the systemic circuit, identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart. A. right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right atrium B. left ventricle, left atrium, lungs, right ventricle, right atrium C. lungs, right ventricle, left ventricle, right atrium, left atrium D. right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle E. left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, right atrium, lungs
D.
The point in the conduction system of the heart where the impulse is temporarily delayed A. SA node B. AV bundle C. Purkinje fibers D. AV node
D.
Which is the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer? A. myocardium, pericardium, endocardium B. endocardium, smooth muscle, epicardium C. endocardium, epicardium, myocardium D. epicardium, myocardium, endocardium E. parietal pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
D.
Which of the following describes the location of the heart? A. between the lungs B. within the mediastinum C. behind the sternum D. All of the listed responses are correct.
D.
Choose the correct sequence of electrical current flow through the heart wall. A. subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, SA node B. AV node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches C. AV node, SA node, subendocardial conducting network, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches D. SA node, subendocardial conducting network, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches E. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network
E.
During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the __________. A. left ventricle and flows directly to the lungs B. right ventricle and flows directly to the aorta C. right atrium and flows directly to the lungs D. right atrium and flows directly to the left ventricle E. right ventricle and flows directly to the lungs
E.
The cardiac cycle includes all of the following events EXCEPT __________. A. the movement of impulse from the SA node to all regions of the heart wall B. the changes in blood volume in all chambers of the heart C. the closing and opening of the heart valves during each heartbeat D. the changes in pressure gradients in all chambers of the heart E. the number of times the heart beats in one minute
E.
Impulses generated by the SA node spread to the AV node, then to the AV bundle, then to the bundle branches, and finally to the subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers)
Electrical Current Flow
Anatomy of the Heart: Inferior "pumping" chambers
Ventricles
Anatomy of the Heart: Attach and anchor valve cusps in a closed position during contraction.
chordae tendineae
The ____ ____, also known as the heartstrings, are attached to the flaps of the AV valves and prevent the valves from blowing into the atria when the ventricles contract
chordae tendineae
The ____ _____ are tiny white collagenic cords that anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls.
chordae tendineae
The _____ _____ are attached to the AV valve flaps.
chordae tendineae
Arteries: Supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle
circumflex
The movement of oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs is part of the ______ circuit
pulmonary
The _____ valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle
pulmonary (semilunar)
The endocardium is composed of _____ _____ ____.
simple squamous epithelium (endothelium)
The period when the ventricles contract is called ____
systole