Chapter 18: The Expansion of Europe 1650-1800

People of the 18th century

Life remained a stuggle with poverty and uncertainty

Holland was

One the most densly populated countries in Europe

Eighteenth Century Pop. growth

Population grew in the eighteenth century primarily b/c of hihger than everage death reates were less catastrophic.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other; industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved more than twelve million Africans.

Industrious Revolution

The shift that occured as families in northern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for houshold consumption; this reduced their economic self-suffciency but increased thier ability to purchase consumer goods.

Malnutrition

Unbalanced and inadequte food in famine years made people extremely sucesptible ot illness.

Population Growth in Europe

Until 1700 the total population of Europe grew slowly

Cottage Industry

Which consisted of manfacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and work sheds, grew markedly in the eighteenth cent. and became a crucual feature of the Euro economy.

Leader of the British Colony who eventually defeated the French during a siege at New Quebec

William Pitt

Lower good prices

With more finished goods becoming available at lower prices, households sought cash income to participate in an emerging consumer economy.

Peasant's life

Working five or six days w/o pay was not uncommon.

Adam Smiths "three duties" of government

defense against a foreign invasion, mantain civil order with coyrts and poilice protection, and sponser certain indisoensable public works and institution w/o profit by private investors.

Famine

ineveitable result of low yields and periodic crop failures, was particularly murderous because it was accompanied by disease

Who was the Military Leader of New France

marquis de Montcalm

Who was one of the best known critics of government regulation of trade or industry

Adam Smith Wrote: Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nation (1776)

Guild System

Consequence of the rural industry was the undermining of the guild system, guilds continued to dominate production in towns and cities but stuggled against competition from rural workers.

Conelius Vermuyden

Directed one large drainage project in Yorkshire and another in Cambrideshire

Frech Revolution 1789

Euro peasants mainly in France were able to improve position by radical mass action.

France Guilds

Finance minister Jean Baptist Colbert revived the urban guilds and ised them to encourage high quality production and to collect taxes. In this period the number of guilds in the city grew from 60 in 1672 to 129 in 1691.

Population growth of Amsterdam

Grew from 30 thousand to 200 thousand in golden sevententh century.

Population of Europe in the eighteenth century _________ while the pop. of Africa ____

Increased, stagnated or possibly declined due to war to find slave captives

Widows and single women in England (spinning)

Many widows and single women also became "spinsters" so many in fact that the word became a synonym for an unmarried woman.

Freeing mixed slaves in the Carribean

Masters tended to leave their mixed race progency in slavery, mantaining a stark discrepancy between free white and enslaved people of color.

What where the farming patterns of Europe from the middle ages to the seveenth century

Much of Europe was farmed through the open field system.

Social conditions in W. Europe and Low Countries (Belgium & Netherlands)

Peasants owned landed, not forced to serfdom. could pass on land to thier children.

Creole

Referred to poeple of SPanish ancestory born in the Americas.

Navigation Act

Started by Oliver Cromwell in 1651, later extended by Charles II 1660 and 1663 all goods shipped to Britain, Scotland (Great Britain 1707)would have to be carried on British ships.

Main cause of European population growth

The basic cause of Euro pop. increase as a whole was a decline in mortality- fewer deaths

Agricultural gains

The second great surge of population growth outstripped the gowth of agricultural production after about 1500..

Proletarianization

The tranformation of large number of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage owners.

Agarain facts

W/ possible exception of Holland at least 80% of ppl in W Europe count. drew thier livelihoods from agriculture.

Anglo-Franco Wars pg 570-71

War of Spanish Succession 1701-1713 Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Seven Years War (1756-1763)

Euro population in non agarain countries

abnormal years and tragic periods - The black Death was only the most extreme example- many more people died than were born, and total population feel sharply, even catastophically.

Guild Golden Age

originating in 1200 during the eco boom of the Middle Ages, the guild system reached its peak in most of Europe in the seventeenth and 18 centuries.

Jethro Tull (1674-1741)

part crank and genious. Enthusicastic about using horses instead of oxen

Secret to better crops

Alternating grain with nitrogen storing crops

England Farmers

By 1870 were producing 300% more food than they had produced in 1700.

Dutch were the world leaders in

Drainage

England Pop.

England is a good example of both the uneven increase of Euro popluation before 1700 and the third great surge gewoth that began in the eighteenth century.

What was the most advanced country

Holland

Low countries became:

Mecca of foreign agricultrual experts.

Crop patterns

Middle ages a year of fallow was alternated with a year of cropping, then three year rotations were introduced esp. on more fertile lands. Important b/c cash crops could be grown two years out of three, rather than only one year in two.

Most people lives in the 18th century

Ordinary men and women there was seldon enough good food, warm clothing, and decent housing. The idea of progess of substantial improvement in the loves of great numbers of people, was still the dream of only a small elite in fashionable salons

Agricultural Revolution

Period in Euro (17 cent. to mid 19 cent) which great agricultural progress was made & the fallow period was gradually eliminated

Gleaning Grain

Poor women would go through the fields picking up the few single grains that had fallen to the ground in the course of the harvest.

Parliment Ablished Slavery in 1807

Slavery still continued in America and in the British Colonies

Problem for Middle Age farming

Soil exhaustion

Improvements that benefitted health

The most important advance in preventitive medicine was the innclonation of smallpox. improvements in the water supply and sewage, which were frequently promoted by stong absolutist monarchies.

Enclosure

The movement ot fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pastures.

Germany pop.

The number of inhabitants in the German states alone declined by more than two-thirds in some large areas and by at least on third almost everywhere else.

!8th Century Euro Population

The number of inhabitants in the German states alone declined by more that two thirds in some large areas and by at least one-third almost everywhere else.

Population

The pop. grew modestly in normal years at a rate of perhaps .5 to 1 percent or enough to double the population in 70 to 140 years. Seventeeth century

1763 Treaty of Paris

The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.

Age of Absolutism and nobility

the stte and landlords continued to levy heavy taxes and high rents thereby stripping peasants of much of thier meager earnings

Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot

1776 law abolished Frech guilds, embodied the sentiments of many enlightened government officials

Debt Peonage

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or racher to keep his workers or slaves on perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.

England Enclosures

About half the farmland in England was enclosed through private initatives prior to 1700 Parliment completed this by the 18th century

Economic Liberalism

Adam Smith proposed: A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisble hand of free competition would benefit all indiviudals rich and poor

Inqury into the Nature and Causes of the Wealthof Nations (1776)

Adan Smith

Black Death effect on population

Black Death caused a sharp drop in population and food prices after 1350 and also created a labor shortage throughout Europe.

Population

By 1600 the pressure of population on resources was severe in much of Europe. and widespread poverty was an indeniable reality

Last Plague

By 1722 the epidemic had passed, and that was the last time plague fell on wester and central europe

Guilds and Women

By the mid 18th century male masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of their own guild statutes.

Loom

Changed in the early 18th century when John Kay's invention of the fluign shuttle enabled the weaver to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand.

French farmers example

Frech Flanders near Lille alternated a number of grain, root, and hay crops in a give field on a ten-year schedule. Continual experimentation w/ sciece. rev. made farmer more methodical

Saint-Domingue (modern day Haiti)

French island that became the world largest producer of coffee, sugar and b/c the most profitable plantation in the New World. On the back of 500,000 slaves