chapter 19 (handout)

contact dermatitis is an example of which of the following?

CD4 Th1-mediated reaction

although they may be measured during diagnosis, measurement of serum _____ levels is not sufficient to confirm allergic disease

IgE

the antibodies that respond to blood-group antigens are which of the following?

IgM antibodies called isohemagglutinins

Rh- mothers who carry Rh+ fetuses and who then become pregnant with another Rh+ fetus are given injections of ____ during the 28th week of pregnancy

RhoGAM

causes inflammation and cytokine production

TNF-a

because B cells do not fully mature and differentiate, recurrent, generally pyogenic infections occur

X-linked agammaglobulinemia

an individual's first exposure to an antigen capable of eliciting a type I hypersensitivity initially causes which of the following responses?

a response by Th2 cells

according to the current naming conventions, blood group antigens are named using which of the following?

a systematic approach involving the assignment of a number and classification within a particular group

which of the following induces a type III hypersensitivity?

accumulation of immune complexes in tissue and small blood vessels

tissue damage caused by delayed type hypersensitivities is largely a result of which of which of the following?

activated macrophages

causes damage to the adrenal gland, possible symptoms: weakness, hypotension, fatigue and kidney failure

addison disease

which of the following is an example of an organ specific autoimmune disease?

addison disease

transplanted tissue from one individual (not an identical twin) to another of the same species

allograft

in _______, a systemic allergic reaction causes symptoms such as hypotension, shock, nausea, vomiting, hives

anaphylaxis

which of the following is a common treatment for type III reactions?

anti inflammatory steroid treatment

which of the following are the main mediators of type II hypersensitivity reaction?

antibodies

an immune complex is an aggregate of which of the following?

antibody and antigen molecules

during a hemolytic transfusion reaction which of the following occurs?

antigens on the transfused cells are recognized by IgG and IgM and are destroyed.

which of the following are the symptoms of a localized type I hypersensitivity reaction?

asthma, hay fever rhinitis and hives

transffering tissue from an individual back to that same individual

autograft

which of the following types of transplants has the lowest risk of rejection?

autograft

when a self-antigen cause a type II hypersensitivity reaction, the reaction can be described as a ____ disorder.

autoimmune

when individuals are treated using allergy shots, IgE antibodies are produced that can act as _____

blocking antibodies

degranulation results in the release of which of the following?

bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, cytokines

the A an B antigens on the surface of blood cells are which of the following?

carbohydrates

inflammatory molecules are released by mast cells in type I, type II however are characterized by which of the following?

cell lysis (cytotoxicity)

eosinophils release cytokines and chemicals that promote inflammation

chronic asthma

because bacteria within phagolysosomes are not effectively killed, infections and granulomas develop

chronic granulomatous disease

a granuloma is which of the following infections?

chronic local infection

can be caused by either an inflammatory response caused by macrophages or by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte, mediated reactions

contact dermatitis

severe bronchiole constriction during an allergic reaction can potentially cause which of the following?

cyanosis

granules in mast cells are released to the extracellular environment through which of the following processes

degranulation

which of the following is an example of a CD4 Th1-mediated reaction?

delayed type hypersensitivity

a common treatment for insect venom allergies is _____ therapy

desensitization

the first treatment for life threatening anaphylaxis is an injection of _____

epinephrine

which of the following hypothetical statements would not be predicted by the hygiene hypothesis?

exposure to cleaning chemicals results in greater allergy risks

IgE molecules have 3 fab sites to which allergens can bond

false

IgE only responds to cell bound antigens

false

angioedema is caused by vasoconstriction following release of chemical mediators during a type I hypersensitivity reaction

false

mechanisms are in place so that hemolytic transfusion reactions no longer occur

false

opsonization of RBCs occurs after phagocytosis

false

systemic anaphylaxis is a type I hypersensitivity caused by the release of cytokines by Th1 cells

false

the regions of the IgE antibodies capable of binding to specific cell mast cell receptors are called which of the following?

fragment crystallizable regions

in some cases, transplanted tissue (such as bone marrow) can produce cytotoxic T cells that attack the host cells of the recipient. which of the following describes such an attack?

graft verus host disease

TSH-receptor antibody is produced by individuals with ___

graves disease

which of the following describes why its possible that type I hypersensitivities result from an adaption against helminth infection?

helminths are unusual parasites because they are targeted by IgE and most parasites are not

if someone were accidentally given the wrong blood type, which is likely to occur?

hemolytic autoimmune reaction

which of the following is not an example of type VI?

hemolytic disease in a newborn

stimulates bradykinin production

heparin

causes increased mucus and tear formation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contractions

histamine

desensitization treatment is also known by which of the following terms?

hyposensitization therapy

which of the following symptoms distinguishes anaphylaxis from milder type I hypersensitivity reactions?

hypotension, blockage of airways, shock and risk of death

Rh factors are which of the following

important RBC antigens

which of the following types of infections is most common in an individual with X-linked agammaglobulinemia?

infections caused by extracellular pyogenic pathogens

transplanting tissue from one identical twin to another

isograft

which of the following is a type of cell largely responsible for type I hypersensitivity response?

mast cell

during degranulation which of the following occurs?

mast cells release granules containing histamine

causes damage to the myelin sheaths of nerve cells, possible symptoms: muscle weakness, numbness and problems with memory

multiple sclerosis

the production of antibodies that target acetylcholine receptors causes _____, resulting in muscles weakness that can be severe and life threatening.

myasthenia gravis

which of the following is an example of a systemic autoimmune disease?

myasthenia gravis

individuals with type O have which of the following?

neither A nor B glycoprotein antigens on the surface of their blood cells

which of the following happens last during the series of inflammatory events triggered by the accumulation of immune complexes in a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

neutrophil and macrophage recruitment occurs

individuals who have type AB blood have a genotype with which of the following?

one A allele and one B allele

when serum sickness occurs the immune complexes are removed by which of the following?

phagocytic cells

when people take antihistamines they are most likely trying to treat which of the following?

pruritus, sneezing, watery eyes and running nose

epidermal cell turnover is excessive, itchy and sore skin patches develop

psoriasis

results in lack of IgA, causing increased risk of infection in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract

selective IgA deficiency

type I hypersensitivities require which of the following initial priming events to occur?

sensization

causes vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability

serotonin

caused by a deficient immune response (both cell mediated and humoral) resulting in susceptibility to severe infection

severe combined immunodeficiency disease

associated with the production of autoantibodies against cytoplasmic and nuclear molecules, with tissue damage and inflammation

systemic lupus erythematosus

serum sickness is which of the following?

systemic type III hypersensitivity

the term immune tolerance means which of the following

the ability to recognize self and prevent immune attack on one's own cell

which of the following describes what happens when someone has a reaction to poison ivy?

the individual's cells absorb the antigen and are then targeted by CTLs, which induce apoptosis

which of the following is one possible adaptive reason for type I hypersensitivity?

they may have evolved as a response to helminth infection

cytotoxic t-lymphocyte mediated reaction occurs

tissue transplant reaction

clonal proliferation in a type I hypersensitivity reaction results from the release of cytokines from Th2 cells

true

hypersensitivity pneumonitis can be type III or type IV depending on whether the immune complexes accumulate?

true

serum sickness is another term for system type III hypersensitivity

true

the production of IgE secreting plasma cells can be triggered by interleukin-4

true

an inflammatory response is caused by macrophages, which also damage tissue

tuberculin reaction

causes damage to the pancreas; possible symptoms: hyperglycemia, weight loss, excessive urination and fatigue

type I diabetes

an allergy is an example of which of the following

type I hypersensitivity

involves the reaction of IgE with soluble antigen; mast cell degeneration occurs

type I hypersensitivity

involves the reaction of IgG and IgM antibodies with cellular antigens, resulting in cell damage

type II hypersensitivity

involves IgG, IgM, and IgA

type III hypersensitivity

mediated by T cells

type IV hypersensitivity

which of the following is an advantage of using vaccines instead of antibacterial sera, such as the diphtheria antitoxin?

vaccines are less likely to cause systemic type III hypersensitivity

histamine and serotonin can stimulate which of the following

vomiting

when a prick puncture skin test or intradermal test is performed to test for allergies, a positive response is indicated by a ______

wheal-flare response

hypersensitivity pneumonitis can either be type III or type IV hypersensitivity depending upon which of the following?

whether immune complexes develop and mediate the response

transplanting tissue from an animal to a human

xenograft