Chapter 19 Multiple Choice

Between 1532 and 1549, colonization in Brazil was in the hands of minor Portuguese nobles granted strips of land called Select one: a. captaincies. b. duchies. c. consulados. d. proprietary colonies. e. mitas

a

How did Caribbean cities differ from those of Europe? Select one: a. American cities were laid out in a grid plan. b. They were built near water. c. There were no Caribbean cities d. American cities lacked churches. e. There was an absence of commerce in American cities.

a

The Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas, a conquistador-turned-priest Select one: a. became an ardent supporter of conversion of Indians and an advocate of Indian rights. b. was responsible for the bloody annihilation of the Indian population of Tenochtitlan in 1520. c. accompanied Columbus and counseled him on Indian affairs. d. was responsible for the brutal laws oppressing the Indians. e. was named head of the Council of the Indies in 1518.

a

The man responsible for the conquest of the Aztec empire in Mexico was Select one: a. Hernan Cortés. b. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado. c. Francisco Pizarro. d. Panfilo de Narvaez. e. Pedro de Valdivia.

a

The minister responsible for the 18th-century reforms in Portugal and Brazil was Select one: a. the Marquis of Pombal. b. Garcia Floridablanca. c. Elijio Martínez. d. José de Escandon. e. José de Gálvez.

a

What American colony became the first major plantation zone, organized to produce a tropical crop demanded in Europe? Select one: a. Brazil b. Peru c. Yucatan d. Chile e. Mexico

a

What conditions undercut the position of the Brazilian sugar plantation economy? Select one: a. Competition from English, French, and Dutch plantation colonies in the Caribbean led to rising prices for slaves and falling prices for sugar. b. The European market was flooded with sugar supplied from Asian colonies. c. A demographic disaster among the Indians of Brazil resulted in a shortage of labor for the sugar plantations shortly after 1700. d. The growth of manufacturing made plantations less important to the economy. e. A series of unusually wet winters flooded the traditional sugar regions and caused Brazilian planters to seek new land for the production of sugar.

a

What was the primary difference between the Spanish and Portuguese empires? Select one: a. Unlike the Spanish empire that was almost exclusively American, the Portuguese empire included colonies and outposts in Asia and Africa as well as Brazil. b. The Portuguese colony of Brazil was more intellectually independent of the mother country than were the Spanish colonies in Latin America. c. Portuguese colonies lacked the bureaucratic structure that characterized the Spanish colonies after the middle of the 16th century. d. Portuguese colonies did not have the heavy influence of the Catholic church found in Spanish colonies. e. The Portuguese treated their slaves better than did the Spanish due to the influence of the Catholic church.

a

Which of the following statements concerning the 18th-century Spanish reforms in America is most accurate? Select one: a. The French Intendancy system was introduced but the traditional patterns of influence and power among the Creole bureaucrats was disrupted. b. The Spanish colonies were largely demilitarized, as Spain became increasingly dependent on the navy of France to protect its interests in America. c. The Spanish reforms did little to alter the patterns of local administration and the fundamental structure of power and authority in the Latin American colonies. d. The English system of justices of the peace was introduced to replace the audiencias, causing the decline in influence of the educated lawyers in America. e. Governments were formed based on natural rights based on the writings of John Locke.

a

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the economy in Spanish America? Select one: a. Although the majority of people were engaged in agriculture, the whole Spanish commercial system was organized around the mining economy. b. Latin America received almost its entire food supply from Europe, because the Spanish colonies were entirely geared to the production of sugar on estate agricultural systems. c. The agricultural economy of Latin America absorbed virtually its entire population because of the absence of large domesticated animals prior to 1800. d. Most people made their living in manufacturing, with a small segment working in the agricultural sector. e. The majority of people in Latin America were rapidly organized into a light industrial economy intended to produce goods for American society.

a

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the state of the Portuguese and Spanish American colonies by the middle of the 18th century? Select one: a. The American colonies of Spain and Portugal were experiencing considerable growth in population and productive capacity. b. Following the disruption of the plantation economies, the Portuguese and Spanish American colonies experienced population loss and economic depression. c. England was threatening to take over the Caribbean colonies and Spain fell into economic dependency status. d. The population of the American colonies never recovered from the initial loss of Indian population. e. While the population of the American colonies was growing, largely due to the importation of African slaves, the economy was largely stagnant.

a

Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Bourbon reforms on colonial economy? Select one: a. The frontiers of Spanish America became fixed b. The extension of the plantation agricultural system to Cuba c. More government control over the economy d. The establishment of state monopolies on items like tobacco and gunpowder e. The growth of Buenos Aires as a regional trade center

a

Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Iberian society? Select one: a. Absence of slaveholding traditions b. Emphasis on patriarchal ideals c. Emphasis on nobility d. Heavy urbanization e. Patriarchal families

a

The Minister of the Indies responsible for the 18th-century reforms within the Spanish empire was Select one: a. José de San Martin b. José de Gálvez. c. Garcia Floridablanca. d. Elijio Martínez. e. the Marquis of Pombal.

b

The first landfall in the colony of Brazil took place in 1500 under the leadership of Select one: a. Ferdinand Magellan. b. Pedro Alvares Cabral. c. Hernan Cortés. d. Francisco Pizarro. e. Pedro de Valdivia.

b

What accounts for the general failure of 18th century colonial revolutions against Spanish and Portuguese rule? Select one: a. The Spanish reforms were generally so successful that there were few dissatisfied elements in the colonies. b. The various racial and social groups, fearful of unsettling the social hierarchy, failed to work together to unseat the colonial governments. c. They were challenging popularly elected governments led by the Creoles. d. Indians were so little incorporated into American society that they were not interested in changing the political organization of their masters. e. Rebel armies enjoyed no success against the military forces of the colonial government.

b

Which of the following Indian institutions was retained by the Spanish in Mexico and Peru to serve European administrative purposes? Select one: a. Inca warriors b. The Indian nobility c. Native American religion d. The priestly class e. The Aztec emperor

b

Which of the following statements concerning the Spanish commercial system is most accurate? Select one: a. The intent of the consulado was to keep prices in the Spanish colonies low. b. The merchant guild in Seville had virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return until the 18th century. c. Nearly all trade with the Spanish colonies was carried in ships built in the New World and captained by colonists. d. The Council of the Indies regulated all trade and established a sub-council in Spanish America. e. All trade from Spain after the mid-16th century was funneled through the city of Madrid.

b

Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural system of Spanish America is NOT accurate? Select one: a. In places where large sedentary populations existed, Indian communal agriculture of traditional crops continued. b. Plantation crops like sugar and later cacao were exported to Europe in sufficient quantities to exceed the value of bullion exports. c. Spanish America remained predominantly an agrarian economy. d. South America was not known as a producer of wheat or rye. e. Colonists faced with declining Indian populations found landownership more attractive.

b

Who was the leader of the Indian revolution in Peru in 1781? Select one: a. Nez Percé b. Tupac Amaru c. Garcia Floridablanca d. Chichen Itza e. Emiliano Zapata

b

Why were the encomiendas discontinued by the 1540s and all but gone by the 1620s? Select one: a. As new land became scarce, existing encomiendas were divided among owners instead of new ones being created. b. The Spanish crown was unwilling to see the growth of a new nobility and the decline of the Indian population made them less attractive. c. Despite the continued economic prosperity of the encomienda system, the Spanish crown discontinued them in order to establish a free labor system in the Americas. d. The viceroys of the American colonies ordered their abolition in favor of enslavement of the Indian population. e. The Indians refused to continue to serve under the imperial conditions established in the 1500s and demanded a new arrangement with the Spanish crown.

b

All of the following were advantages the Spanish enjoyed over the Indians EXCEPT Select one: a. the use of horses by the Spanish since the natives did not have any similar animal b. epidemic disease that weakened the Indians and reduced their numbers. c. the failure of nomadic tribes to mount significant resistance to conquest. d. internal divisions and internal rivalries among the Indians. e. the use of firearms and superior steel weapons.

c

How was the commercial experience of the Portuguese extended to the Americas? Select one: a. The Portuguese were familiar with the routes to the Far East that resulted in the circumnavigation of the globe. b. The Portuguese began commercial trade after the Spanish discovered gold in the Americas. c. The Portuguese experience in Africa and their involvement in slave trading were extended to the Americas. d. The Portuguese introduction of tobacco estate agriculture into the Caribbean was a significant factor in American colonization. e. The Portuguese were responsible for the use of galleys in the Atlantic passage.

c

What Spanish dynasty was responsible for the series of 18th-century reforms that recast the colonial administration of the Americas? Select one: a. Habsburg b. Carlist c. Bourbon d. Pombal e. Aragon

c

What accounted for the majority of the population loss suffered by Native Americans after the European arrival? Select one: a. Enslavement b. Internal civil conflicts c. Epidemic diseases d. Failure of marriage patterns among the Indians e. Losses in warfare

c

What was the negative impact of the discovery of gold on Portugal? Select one: a. Portugal's agricultural economy was devastated by the flow of capital from domestic produce to Brazilian imports. b. Portugal's trade with China began to decline rapidly which caused a negative trade balance. c. Portugal failed to develop internal industries because the supply of gold allowed the Portuguese to purchase manufactured goods from other European countries. d. Portugal was forced to hand Brazil over to the more powerful Dutch navy. e. Portugal became increasingly dependent on France due to the wars of the 18th century.

c

Which of the following statements concerning the men who conquered much of Latin America for Spain is NOT accurate? Select one: a. Most conquerors were cruel and ambitious and many were of humble origins. b. The conquerors, many of humble origins, came to see themselves as a new nobility entitled to dominion over a new peasantry, the Indians. c. Leadership was based on reputation and past achievement. d. An agreement was drawn up between the leader and the Spanish crown that granted authority for the expedition in return for a promise to pay one-fifth of all treasure to the crown. e. Few of the conquerors were professional soldiers.

c

By 1700, slaves comprised approximately what proportion of the Brazilian population? Select one: a. Three fourths b. Two thirds c. One quarter d. One half e. One third

d

In what region was gold discovered in Brazil in 1695? Select one: a. Salvador b. Casas Orientes c. Orinoco d. Minas Gerais e. Siglo D'Oro

d

In what way did the importation of American bullion negatively affect the Spanish economy? Select one: a. American bullion made up nearly 90 percent of Spain's state revenue, so that any disruption in the arrival of silver from America plunged the government into crisis. b. The apparent dependence of Spain on its bullion supply caused European bankers to avoid loaning money to the Spanish government. c. The supply of bullion to Spain was highly irregular, so that the government could not accurately gauge its income or anticipate its expenditures. d. The arrival of American treasure contributed to a sharp rise in prices and a general inflation. e. The supply of bullion kept the Spanish from purchasing manufactured goods from England.

d

The Brazilian model of a plantation colony was later followed in the 18th century by other European nations in Select one: a. Mexico. b. Canada. c. Panama. d. the Caribbean. e. Costa Rica.

d

The Catholic church introduced all of the following to American life EXCEPT Select one: a. establishing missions in outlaying areas. b. monasteries. c. universities. d. the sense of independence from the state. e. the construction of baroque churches.

d

The Spanish convoy system that controlled trade with the Americas was made possible by the development of Select one: a. gunpowder. b. lateen sail. c. the astrolabe. d. galleons. e. oared galleys.

d

The first Spanish colony in the New World was established on Select one: a. Matagorda. b. Puerto Rico. c. Cuba. d. Hispaniola. e. the Antilles.

d

The greatest silver mine in Spanish America was located at Select one: a. Mexico City. b. Huancavelica. c. Santiago. d. Potosí. e. Veracruz.

d

The tremendous decline of the Indian population in Mexico was matched by the rapid increase in Select one: a. technological development. b. Spanish women. c. imports of cotton cloth. d. European livestock. e. silver imports.

d

The vice royalties of New Spain and Peru were divided into 10 judicial divisions controlled by superior courts, or Select one: a. encomiendas. b. obrajes. c. consulados. d. audiencias. e. cortes.

d

What group of people was most critical to the bureaucratic administration of the Spanish colonies in America? Select one: a. Military commanders b. Viceroys c. Friars and monks d. University-trained lawyers e. The nobility

d

What was the basis for the social hierarchy that developed in the Americas? Select one: a. Wealth b. Education c. The prestige associated with one's occupation d. Racial origins e. The Spanish cultural hierarchy

d

Why was the discovery of mercury in Peru critical to the colonial economy? Select one: a. Mercury was even more valuable than silver as an export commodity. b. Mercury became a medium of exchange in place of money in the American economy. c. Mercury was a critical food component for the growing livestock inventories of New World ranches. d. Mercury was indispensable to the extraction of silver from ore-bearing rock. e. It was much in demand in Europe due to the belief that it could cure diseases.

d

Because of the switch from indigenous methods of mining to the extraction of silver through a process of amalgamation with mercury, silver production in the Americas expanded rapidly after Select one: a. 1650. b. 1700. c. 1500. d. 1750 e. 1580.

e

The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the world into spheres of influence belonging to Select one: a. Mexico and Peru. b. Spain and France. c. Spain and England. d. Portugal, Spain, and England. e. Portugal and Castile.

e

The colonial governments replaced the labor of the encomienda with Indian labor extracted through local officials. Such forced labor was called the Select one: a. obreros. b. obrajes. c. consulado. d. peninsulares. e. mita.

e

The grants of Indians to individual Spaniards as a labor system were called Select one: a. obrajes. b. consulados. c. Alcaldes. d. audiencias. e. encomiendas.

e

The law code that became the basis of law in the Indies was called the Select one: a. Casa de la Contratación. b. Corpus Juris Civilis. c. Plan de Ayala. d. Legalia Indiana. e. Recopilacion.d

e

The most important Spanish settlement in the Caribbean during the 16th century was Select one: a. St. Augustine b. Havana c. Saint Lucia d. Kingston e. Santo Domingo

e

What group of Indians supplied agricultural labor for the Spaniards in the Caribbean? Select one: a. Inca b. Unami c. Lakota d. Aztec e. Taino

e

What port was associated with the discovery of gold in Brazil and subsequently became the capital of the colony? Select one: a. Santiago b. Recife c. Buenos Aires d. Salvador e. Rio de Janeiro

e

What was the impact of the 18th-century reforms on slavery in Brazil? Select one: a. Slavery was abolished. b. Slave imports were restricted to encourage the elimination of the plantation economy. c. It led to an overall decline in economic exports to the mother country. d. Brazil remained as profoundly based on slavery in the late 18th century as it had ever been. e. The slave trade with Africa was abolished.

e

Where in the Americas did the Spanish first create the models that were applied throughout their possessions in the New World? Select one: a. Mexico b. California c. Peru d. Brazil e. The Caribbean

e