Chapter 2

_____ is (are) known for refining Taylor's analysis of work movements.

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Which of the following best reflects Mary Parker Follett's views on management and leadership in an organization?

If workers have the relevant knowledge, then workers, rather than managers, should be in control of the work process itself.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principles of scientific management?

Increase job specialization in order to make the production process more efficient.

Which of the following is true of dual command?

It causes confusion among subordinates.

Employees at Southwest Airlines have highly flexible job descriptions that enable them to chip in and help where needed. Employees are encouraged to help solve problems where they see them. Thus, it's not uncommon to see a Southwest manager helping move passenger luggage into aircraft or check in passengers at a gate. This is an example of:

theory y

Smart Lites is a company that manufactures lighting products for industrial businesses. The managers at Smart Lites want to increase the quality of their products. They should opt for _____, a branch of management science that provides tools to analyze the company's input, conversion, and output activities.

total quality management

Which of the following is true of dual command?

it causes confusion among subordinates

_____ is the process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time.

job specialization

Which of the following statements indicates that Megabytes Inc. has implemented an organic structure?

At Megabytes, authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers.

Which of the following is true of centralization in an organization?

Authority is concentrated at the top of the managerial hierarchy.

Paula started a new bakery business. Because she must meet specific requirements from the state health department, Paula has decided to use a mechanistic structure for management. Which of the following supports Paula's choice to organize and control the business with a mechanistic structure?

Employees are closely supervised and follow well-defined rules and standard operating procedures.

Which of the following is true of an open system?

It takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers.

Which of the following explains why Apple operates with an organic structure?

Management is able to stay abreast of technological developments and changing competitive conditions.

_______ is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to assist managers to make the best use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.

Management science theory

____ is the aspect of management theory that uses mathematical techniques such as modeling and simulation to help managers make better decisions.

Quantitative management

Which of the following is true of norms?

They are informal codes of conduct among employees in a particular company

Which of the following is true of rules?

They are mandatory instructions

Which of the following practices was advocated by Mary Parker Follett?

Workers should be allowed to exercise initiative in their everyday work lives.

Which of the following is an example of a company's standard operating procedure?

a compulsory practice of employees cleaning their work areas at the end of each day

Mayfair Mobile's external environment is changing rapidly, and it responds by decentralizing decisions to lower-level managers so that the organization can react faster. Which of the following types of organizational structure allows this?

an organic structure

Fayol recommended the use of _____ to show the position and duties of each employee and to indicate which positions an employee might move to or be promoted to in the future.

an organizational chart

_____ gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to accomplish organizational goals.

authority

Peter is a manager for a small business. He wanted his five subordinates to have positive working relationships and he wanted to create a welcoming office environment. To encourage socializing and to motivate his staff to meet organizational goals, Peter started inviting his subordinates to lunch once a week. Within a few weeks, Peter saw an increase in performance and improved collaboration among the staff members. This is an example of:

behavioral management

_____ refers to the concentration of authority at the top of the organizational chart instead of being distributed throughout the managerial hierarchy.

centralization

If a manager designs the organizational hierarchy based on the characteristics of the organizational environment, he is acting in accordance with _____ theory.

contingency

The primary message of _____ is that there is no one best way to organize.

contingency theory

_____ is the idea that the organizational structures and control systems that are chosen by managers depend on characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates.

contingency theory

Helen doesn't always agree with her manager's decisions, but she always follows her manager's orders. This obedience to a manager's authority is most consistent with Fayol's principle of

discipline

_____ refers to the tendency of a closed system to lose its ability to control itself, and thus disintegrate.

entropy

In the context of management, rules refer to

formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances.

Communication among managers in Angela's business was slowing down the pace of planning and organizing, so Angela recently merged some of the company's departments and cut back on the number of levels of managers. Which of Fayol's principles of management supports Angela's decision?

line of authority

_____ refers to the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization

line of authority

Ally works on a production line. Her manager has moved several of her coworkers around to achieve the right worker-task specialization and to link people and tasks by the speed of the production line. If successful, the manager will

lower costs

Fayol's principle of initiative suggests that

managers should encourage employees to act on their own without direction from a supervisor.

Max Weber developed the

principles of bureaucracy.

According to Henri Fayol, esprit de corps refers to

shared feelings of comradeship, enthusiasm, or devotion to a common cause among members of a group.

The idea that employees who stay with the organization for many years develop skills on the job which can help the organization to become more efficient is consistent with Fayol's principle of

stability of tenure

The idea that workers should be aware of how their performance affects the performance of the organization as a whole is most consistent with Fayol's principle of

subordination of individual interests to the common interest.

The human relations movement advocates that

supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates

According to Henri Fayol, initiative refers to

the ability to act on one's own without direction from a superior

The line of authority in an organization is

the chain of command extending from the top to the bottom of an organization

According to Henri Fayol, equity refers to

the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled.

Which of the following best defines synergy?

the performance gains that result when individuals and departments work together

In a bureaucracy, a manager's formal authority derives from

the position he or she holds in the organization.

Josh works for an advertising company. There are several middle managers, but Josh only receives orders from and reports to one manager. Which of the following principles of management by Henri Fayol fits Josh's relationship with his manager?

unity of command

Tyler is an engineer at an assembly plant for an auto company. Tyler receives orders from and reports to both his department manager and his project manager. This violates Fayol's principle of

unity of command

Carol works for a printing business that offers several services, including printing and copying, bookbinding, and graphic design. The business has a single, comprehensive long-term plan that leads every department. The business is following Fayol's principle of

unity of direction

Which of the following revelations from different research studies came to be known as the Hawthorne effect?

workers' productivity being affected more by the attention received from researchers than by the work setting