Chapter 2

Separatist

Separatist were also known as Pilgrims. They wanted their own church. Many protested the Church of England. Initially they sailed for Holland but left and settle in Plymouth. Separatist were the ones to sign the Mayflower Compact and settle with a self-government.

Triangular Trade

A system which was first monopolized by the Royal African Colony, but later became available for merchants. The system allowed for the shipping of slaves, sugar cane, rum, raw goods, etc., from Africa, the colonies, and England. The Entrepreneur benefiting from the profits. The slaves from this system ended up in the American plantations.

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson was a religious leader and midwife born in England, but later followed the puritans to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634. Hutchinson believed in Antinomianism, and her outspoken nature caused a rift among the puritan community. In the end, Hutchinson faction lost the governorship, losing their place in the community. She was then expelled from the colony and she moved south with some of her followers and established the settlement of Portsmouth, later to become Rhode Island. A few years later, in 1643, Hutchinson died by angry Native Americans.

Antinomianism

Antinomianism basically means that simply having faith will lead to salvation regardless of who the person is or their actions. People like Anne Hutchinson supported this idea. Antinomianism was frown upon by the puritan church, because it contradicted their own idea that only God's chosen would find salvation. This idea would eventually be the reason why many people were expelled from the Bay Colony.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Connecticut was founded by Thomas Hooker, a puritan who travelled to Massachusetts. Hooker, like Anne Hutchison disagreed with the puritan church leading him out of the colony and on his way to create Connecticut. When settled, him and his people created the first constitution in America, known as the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. This was a form of representative government. Which allowed for the people to elect their government.

Great Migration

In 1630, over 15,000 puritans were driven out of England and to New England, especially Massachusetts. The puritans were in search for religious freedom. Puritans wanted to purify the church, reform the Anglican church. They were being executed in their home country pushing them to travel towards New England.

James Oglethorpe

James Oglethorpe led a group of philanthropist and founded the colony of Georgia. Oglethorpe became the colony's first governor, though, under him Georgia wasn't successful. However, after becoming a Royal Colony in 1752, Georgia dropped the restrictions set by Oglethorpe. This cause the colony to thrive off slaves working on their plantations.

Jamestown

Jamestown was a colony in Virginia, established in 1607. It became the first colony in America. The first people settled there, only men usually young and lazy, faced problems due to the environment they were in. The swampy area carried mosquitos with disease. Other problems included the natives and lack of food. Eventually the colony was saved by John Smith. The people began to farm tobacco, eventually becoming a Royal Colony.

Bacon's Rebellion

Led by Nathaniel Bacon, the Bacon Rebellion was an armed rebellion against governor Sir William Berkeley of the colonial government of Jamestown. Many small farmers, including Bacon, were upset by the lack of response of the government after being attacked by natives. Other reasons include, higher taxes, lower priced tobacco, and the restriction to vote. This uprising had a great start, however, after Bacon's death it became unsuccessful.

King Philip's War

Occurred in 1675, it was a series of battles that took place in New Hampshire. It involved the colonist and the Wompanowogs led by King Philip. The war resulted in thousands of deaths from both sides. The colonist ended up winning the series of wars. It allowed them to have less restrictions when it came to expanding their territory. The end of the war also opened additional Indian land for the colonist to claim.

Corporate Colony

One of the three charters that conducted the colonies. This charter revolved around joint-stock companies. Some examples of corporate colonies include: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Jamestown whose tobacco crop was sold all around Europe. With this charter a colony's relationship with the crown was based on economic gain for the crown.

Pilgrims

Pilgrims wanted to be separate from the Anglican Church. They boarded the Mayflower and landed in Plymouth. When aboard, they had signed the Mayflower compact and used their form of self-government when creating their own colony in Plymouth. The Pilgrims were separatist who believed the church of England could not be reformed anymore, compare to the Puritans who were non-separatist. Separatist were illegal in England, driving them out of England and to America where they settled in Plymouth.

Proprietary Colony

Proprietary land was land granted to individuals by the crown. An example would be Pennsylvania, as land was granted to William Penn. Another example is the land of Maryland, that was given to George Calvert. The Carolinas was also granted by Charles II to the proprietors, 8 nobles.

Quakers

Quakers were basically a society of friends. They were very religious individuals. They advocated gender equality, military resistance and peace. Believed that religious authority existed within one self, not in the bible or church. This obviously opposed the Puritans beliefs, leading to Quakers persecution.

Royal Colony

Royal colonies are colonies under direct control of the King. Examples would be Virginia after 1624 or New Jersey. This Charter allowed for Oglethorpe's Georgia to become successful. Slavery was excessively common on these colonies.

Dominion of New England

The Dominion of New England was the merging of British colonies in New England. The emerging included New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New Hampshire (the whole of the New England colonies) into one large colony. After Charles II's death James II immediately took control of the throne. This dominion occurred in 1686 for James II wanted to enforce his control over the colonies. Sir Edmund Andros was sent to New England to govern the dominion, and quickly imposed more taxes which limited land titles and town meeting. This led to many people disliking him. James effort to exercise his power eventually led to him losing the throne.

House of Burgesses

The House of Burgesses was the first miniature parliament/representative assembly in America. It was founded within 12 years of Jamestown existing and enforced self-government. This assembly allowed the colonist to take part in the process of making laws, though most representatives were property owners. The laws were racist against Africans. It also encouraged more people to come and settle in Jamestown.

Puritans

The Puritans were non-separatist who wanted to adopt reforms, and purify the Church of England. The King of England granted them the right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area. They founded various cities, one being Boston, Massachusetts. Though they desired religious tolerance for themselves, they were intolerant towards other believes such as Antinomianism. They took part in the Great Migration.

William Penn

The crown owed his father, so he was granted the land known as Pennsylvania. He founded the colony under the beliefs of Quakers, which he had converted to. He designed Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people including Jews. He favored liberal ideas for his government, which attracted many of those seeking freedom.

Joint-Stock Company

These companies were made up of groups of investors who brought the right to establish their own plantations from the king. Jamestown was founded with these companies. For the reason people went there was to find wealth. This attracted many more settlers to establish their own plantations in America. It demonstrates economic motivations for exploration.

Indentured Servants

These people promised labor for the people who would pay for their passage to America. They would be freed after meeting the required amount of time under their masters. They would then be replaced by slaves, only being a temporary source of labor, usually serving around 5 years. Under the House of Burgesses this class of people had little to no rights at all.

Half-Way Covenant

This was a form of having partial church membership by the puritans. Some people hadn't completely gone through the process of what they called "conversion" and therefore, couldn't become part of the puritan congregation. The Half-Way Covenant allowed for these people to have some sort of influence in the community though not yet being a complete part of it. There were some people who opposed this rule but were unsuccessful.

Thomas Hooker

Thomas Hooker led the Boston colonist, into Connecticut, which he founded. He came up with the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. He is known as the "father of Democracy". As he believed the people have a right to choose their magistrates.

Mayflower Compact

Took place in the year 1620, it was the first agreement of self-government in America. It was signed by 41 men on board the Mayflower ship. It set up the government for the Plymouth colony when they arrived. It also set basic laws for the new settlers. It was quite different than the monarchy England had.