Chapter 2

What type of bond involves the unequal sharing of electrons?

Polar covalent

What type of bond is formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms?

covalent

would removing an acid increase or decrease acidity?

decrease

A compound that dissociates in water, producing a solution that conducts electricity, is known as a(n) _____.

electrolyte

Which term defines the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties? proton, neutron, electron, element, molecule

element

Water molecules are weakly attracted to each other through ______ bonds.

hydrogen

Which type of bond can be described as a weak attraction between a slightly positive region in one molecule and a slightly negative region in a different molecule? Covalent, ionic, disulfide, hydrogen

hydrogen

pH is a measurement of the concentration of what?

hydrogen ions

Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

Are ions hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

Are polar molecules hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

hydrophilic

Is glucose hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

Is water hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophilic

What term refers to polar molecules that dissolve in water?

hydrophilic

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

Is oil hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

hydrophobic

Is cholesterol a carbohydrate, protein, or lipid?

lipid

A(n) _____ consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound.

mixture

A(n) _______ is composed of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds

molecule

Which of the terms below can be applied to glucose (C6H12O6)? molecule, compound, atom, element

molecule and compound

Identify the term used to name one of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule.

monomer

A cation has a net ____ charge

positive

Can enzymes be reused?

yes

Where is the location of the reaction on an enzyme?

Active site

Water lubricates organ surfaces and their surrounding pleura. Is this an example of adhesion, chemical reactivity, solvency, cohesion, or thermal stability?

Adhesion

Which is an example of a mineral? Calcium, Glucose, Oxygen, or protein?

Calcium

What are the 6 most abundant elements of body weight?

Carbon, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium

Water ionizes and can be incorporated into other molecules. Is this an example of adhesion, chemical reactivity, solvency, cohesion, or thermal stability?

Chemical reactivity

A ____ is defined as a substance consisting of a solute mixed with a more abundant substance called the solvent.

solution

Molecules must be dissolved in water to move freely and react. Is this an example of adhesion, chemical reactivity, solvency, cohesion, or thermal stability?

solvency

The ability of water to dissolve other chemicals is ______. solvency, cohesion, adhesion, or surface tension

solvency

In a solution, the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance is known as what?

solvent

Saltwater is a solution of NaCl dissolved in water. In this example, NaCl is the solute and water is the _____.

solvent

What binds to the active site of an enzyme?

substrate

Which of these is an example of a mineral? Hydrogen, Carbon, Magnesium, or Nitrogen?

Magnesium

Salt on a watermelon is an example of ______. mixture, compound, or element?

Mixture

What percentage of the body is made up of oxygen? More or less than 50%?

More than 50%

Which is an uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom?

Neutron

The atomic mass of an element is approximately equal to the total number of which two subatomic particles? Protons, neutrons, electrons

Protons and neutrons

Which important properties of water allow it to support life?Solvency, Chemical reactivity, Hydrophobicity, Cohesion

Solvency, Chemical reactivity, Cohesion

When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?

The protein is denatured

A base is a compound that acts as a proton _______.

acceptor

A proton (H+) donor, or a chemical that releases protons into solution, is a(n)

acid

Which are examples of electrolytes? Acids, bases, glucose, salts

acids, bases, salts

Would adding 1 M (-OH) to a solution increase or decrease acidity?

decrease

Would removing H+ increase or decrease acidity?

decrease

would adding a base increase or decrease acidity?

decrease

Is triglyceride related to carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids?

lipids

What term is used to refer to a simple sugar, or sugar monomer?

monosaccharide

In a carbon dioxide molecule, electrons are shared equally among the atoms. What type of bond do they form? non polar covalent or polar covalent?

non polar covalent

Where are protons of an atom located?

nucleus

Where is a neutron located? In the...?

nucleus

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

peptide bonds

A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly ______ hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly ____ oxygen or nitrogen atom of another.

positive, negative

Are enzymes carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids?

protein

Are oligopeptides carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins?

protein

Are amino acids related to carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids?

proteins

Is quaternary structure related to carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids?

proteins

What is anabolism?

building up molecules

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

What is catabolism?

breaking down molecules

What is a covalent bond?

sharing of electrons between two atoms

If an atom has 2 electrons in its innermost shell and 3 electrons in its outmost shell, how many valence electrons does it have?

3

What is decomposition? A large molecule breaks down into smaller molecules, two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger one, or two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms?

A large molecule breaks down into smaller molecules

Water molecules cling to each other. Is this an example of adhesion, chemical reactivity, solvency, cohesion, or thermal stability?

Cohesion

Would temperature a temperature falling increase or decrease the rate of reaction?

Decrease

Would the absence of enzymes increase or decrease the rate of reaction?

Decrease

Sucrose or table sugar is formed when the simple sugars fructose and glucose are covalently bonded. This reaction releases water. What is the name of this type of reaction?

Dehydration synthesis

Which subatomic particle does not contribute significantly to the mass of an atom? Proton, Neutron, Electron

Electron

True or false: Anabolism consists of energy-releasing reactions, such as the production of protein or fat.

False

Which is a hydrophobic substance? Fats or water

Fats

Would a temperature rising increase or decrease the rate of reaction?

Increase

Would adding 1 M H+ to a solution increase or decrease acidity?

Increase

Would an increased concentration of reactants increase or decrease the rate of reaction?

Increase

Would decreasing pH increase or decrease acidity?

Increase

Would the presence of catalysts in a reaction increase or decrease the rate of reaction?

Increase

Are oils carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids?

Lipids

Are steroids carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids?

Lipids

A high heat capacity helps maintain the internal body temperature. Is this an example of adhesion, chemical reactivity, solvency, cohesion, or thermal stability?

Thermal stability

True or false: Catabolism consists of energy-releasing decomposition reactions.

True

True or false: Potential energy is energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state

True

The energy molecule that is produced by cellular respiration and used in metabolic reactions is ______. glucose, adenosine diphosphate, or adenosine triphosphate

adenosine triphosphate

Name the functional group with the symbol -NH2.

amino

What is an ion?

an atom that has gained or lost electrons

Which type of reaction is endergonic? Anabolic or catabolic?

anabolic

The chlorine atom gains electrons to become a chloride ______.

anion

Which term refers to a negatively charged ion? Cation, proton, anion, or electron

anion

Is glucose a carbohydrate, a lipid, or a protein?

carbohydrate

Is glycogen a carbohydrate, lipid, or protein?

carbohydrate

Is maltose a carbohydrate, lipid, or protein?

carbohydrate

Is starch a carbohydrate, lipid, or protein?

carbohydrate

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all examples of which type of macromolecule?

carbohydrates

The element that is the foundation of biological molecules is, what?

carbon

Which type of reaction is always exergonic? Anabolic, catabolic, synthesis, or redox?

catabolic

What type of ion has lost an electron and, consequently, has a net positive charge? Isomer, cation, anion, or isotope

cation

In nature, sodium atoms lose electrons; therefore, they become ______.

cations

Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen are examples of ______ bonds

chemical

What term refers to an attractive force caused by the sharing or transfer of electrons?

chemical bond

The subatomic particle with a negative charge is a(n)?

electron

What particle has a negative charge? proton, neutron, electron

electron

True or false, A molecule may be composed of one element or more than one element

false

What term refers to common arrangements of atoms that give organic molecules their unique properties?

functional groups

A long and branched chain of glucose molecules is...?

glycogen

are triglycerides hydrophilic or hydrophobic

hydrophobic

When a sodium atom loses an electron, it becomes a sodium ______.

ion

The sodium ion (Na+) and the chloride ion (Cl-) are attracted to each other and form a(n) ______ bond.

ionic

Which type of chemical bond involves the exchange of electrons? Ionic, covalent, hydrogen, non polar

ionic

What is exchange?A large molecule breaks down into smaller molecules, two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger one, or two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms?

two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms

What is synthesis? A large molecule breaks down into smaller molecules, two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger one, or two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms?

two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger one

What is a polar covalent bond?

unequal sharing of electrons

_____ electrons determine the reactive properties of an atom.

valence

Hydrophilic substances are soluble in _____.

water