chapter 2 computers
There are three main coding systems used to represent keyboard characters:
-EBCDIC (Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code) is an 8-bit coding system developed for mainframe computers -ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) was originally a 7-bit coding system developed for PCs. There are also 8-bit "extended versions" of ASCII that include extra symbols not included in the 7-bit version. -Unicode is a (newer) universal coding standard that uses between 8 and 32 bits to represent a character. Unicode has the capability to represent the characters of all the world's written languages. It is fully compatible with ASCII code. Unicode is replacing ASCII as the primary text-coding system.
1 byte = __ bits = 1 character 1 __________ = 1,000 bytes 1 __________ = 1,000,000 bytes 1 ___________ = 1,000,000,000 bytes 1 ___________ = 1,000,000,000,000 byte
1 byte = 8 bits = 1 character 1 kilobyte (KB) = 1,000 bytes 1 megabyte (MB) = 1,000,000 bytes 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1,000,000,000 bytes 1 terabyte (TB) = 1,000,000,000,000 byte
Graphics data can use ____ color (½ byte), _____ color (1 byte), or____million color (3 bytes) formats to assign a color to each pixel
16, 256, 16.78
Because each pixel is normally represented by _____bits, graphic files are considerably _____ than text files.
24, larger
A _________ is the amount of data that a CPU can manipulate at one time. The larger a CPU's word size, the _______ its processing speed. Most of today's computers have ______-bit processors.
A computer's Word size larger 64
what are some ways to make a computer faster
Add more memory (RAM) Remove unnecessary programs from your hard drive Empty the recycle bin Perform a disk defragmentation Store large files (video, music, photos) on secondary storage instead of hard drive. Upgrade your hard drive capacity Limit the number of programs that start up automatically when your computer is turned on. Scan your computer for viruses or spyware on a regular basis Upgrade your video graphics card Upgrade your Internet connection (DSL, cable)
what are expansion buses?what are some Common expansion bus?
Buses that connect the CPU to peripheral devices (via ports or expansion slots) Common expansion bus types include PCI, PCI Express, USB, and FireWire.
what is a cache memory and where is located? Do level numbers indicate the cache chip last or first when the CPU needs data?
Cache memory is a special group of fast memory chips that contain data and instructions that may be needed next by the CPU. Cache is normally located on the CPU chip and is accessed first when the CPU requests data. Level numbers indicate which cache chip is checked first when the CPU needs data
what is a clock speed and how is it measured?
Clock speed is how fast the CPU processes program instructions. Clock speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz)
what are expansion cards?and what can they do?
Expansion cards (also known as add-in boards) are small circuit boards that plug into expansion slots within the motherboard. Expansion cards UPGRADE existing computer functions and ALLOW ADDITIONAL devices to be attached to the computer.
what is a graphic processing unit (GPU) and where is it located?
It take cares of the processing needed to display images on the screen. GPUs can be located on the -motherboard, -video graphics card -integrated directly into a CPU chip.
what is a Memory? what is the difference between Volatile memory and Non-volatile memory
Memory refers to chip-based storage, or locations that a computer uses to store data on a temporary basis -Volatile memory (content is erased when the device is shut off) -Non-volatile memory (content is retained when the device is shut off)
modern computers support Plug and Play what does that mean?
Modern computers support Plug and Play, which means the computer automatically configures new devices as soon as they are installed and the computer is powered up.
what is multiprocessing
Multiprocessing is when two or more CPUs located on a single computer work on separate jobs at the same time.
what is parallel processing?
Parallel processing is when two or more CPUs work on one job simultaneously to finish it sooner.
what are ports?where is it attached? Every external HW device has a connector made for a specific type of port true or false?
Ports are exterior connectors that enable you to plug in external hardware devices. attached to a bus on the motherboard so that devices plugged into each port can communicate with the CPU and other computer components. Every external HW device has a connector made for a specific type of port.
The CPU contains many different components what does the ALU function do?
The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic involving integers and logical operations
what is the central processing unit? (CPU)
The central processing unit (also called the CPU, processor, or microprocessor) is the brains of the computer—as it processes program instructions.
the control unit does what?
The control unit coordinates and controls activities within a CPU core
The floating point unit (FPU) performs what in the CPU core components
The floating point unit (FPU) performs decimal arithmetic
what does this represent (800x600, 1024x768, ect.)? hint: number of pixels
The number of pixels used to represent an image is indicated by the screen resolution (800x600, 1024x768, ect.)
what data is stored as a collection of frames (each frame is a still photographic image) and is typically played at 24 frames per second? and is it considered larger than text or graphic files?
Video data. Both audio and video data files are considerably larger than text or graphic files.
what is a flesh memory? and where can it be directly built?
a type of non-volatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed. Flash memory chips can be built directly into a device (PC, cell phone, camera) or can be removable (flash cards, drives).
the bus interface unit does what
allows the core to communicate with other CPU components
What is A bus? The _______ the bus, the faster the computer can process data.
an electronic path within a computer (and within the CPU) over which data can travel from one component to another. wider
what is a prefetch data?
attempts to retrieve data and instructions before they are needed for processing in order to avoid delays or wait
what data uses thousands of digital samples of a sound sequence every second to capture and recreate voice or music? And is it larger than text files? how do you make it smaller? For example, CDs use 16 bits to represent a split second of sound and they record 44,100 unique sounds per second.
audio, true, compress format it (MP3)
Bus width and bus speed together determine the bus's what?
bandwith (the amount of data that can be transferred via the bus in a given time period)
Bit vs byte? what is it?
bit is the smallest unit of data that a binary computer can recognize(a single 1 or 0) byte is the amount of data a computer can store. equivalent to 8 bits
graphic data is displayed by using a series of ______to represent the ______ of each _______ (picture element) on the monitor
bits, color, pixel
interconnect via a set of wires is called on a motherboard in a system unit
buses.
what is a real only memory (ROM) and where is it stored?
contains data and programs that cannot be written over.stored on chips on the motherboard.
Number of _________ is how many processors are contained within one CPU chip. A CPU with two cores is a __________ CPU. CPUs with many cores are ________CPUs.
cores, dual-core, multi-core
CPUs are NOT typically made to be installed in a specific device (laptop, desktop, mobile). true or false
false, •Desktops, servers, and some notebook PCs use Intel or Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) processors •Portable computers and mobile devices often use Intel or AMD mobile processors or an ARM processor instead
The basic set of machine-language instructions that a CPU can understand is called a what? an Instruction sets are normally ___ bit or ____bit
instruction set, 32 or 64
Programming languages such as Java, Visual Basic, and COBOL are converted into ___________ by language translator programs such as compilers
machine language code
modern computers are digital computers which means what?
meaning they represent data using a series of 0s and 1s. Each 0 or 1 is called a bit (short for binary digit).
The CPU breaks down a machine-level instruction into smaller instructions called _____________ Every computer has a built-in system clock that sends signals to all other computer components. Each signal is referred to as a ________; the number of cycles per second is measured is _________. One cycle per second is one ___________. One megahertz is equal to ______________(or ticks of the system clock) per second. During each clock cycle, the CPU executes a certain number of ________ instructions. The _______ the clock speed, the more instructions can be processed per second by the CPU.
microcode a cycle; measured in hertz hertz. million cycles per second. microcode instructions. higher
Server computers often have how many CPU? Such computers have the ability to perform what ?
more than one multiprocessing and parallel processing.
The main circuit board inside the system unit is called what?also called integrated circuits (ICs) All devices used with a computer need to be connected to this even external devices
motherboard
A __________ is the smallest colorable area in an electronic image
pixel
What is a RAM? Where is it located? What is an Essential parts of the operating system? RAM capacities typically range from? RAM capacity can affect what ? RAM data is stored in ?
referred to as memory or primary storage. located where data and portions of programs are temporarily stored until the program manipulating the data is closed or the computer is shut off. the essential parts of the operating system is stored in RAM when the computer is running. the capacity typically ranges from 4-16 GB. RAM capacity can affect how fast your computer operates the data is stored in memory addresses similar to the way mail is stored in PO Boxes.
the internal cache does what?
stores data and instructions before and during processing
he decimal numbering system uses two symbols?The numbering system people use. true or false?
the decimal numbering system uses 10 symbols (0-9)-The numbering system people use
what is the system unit
the main case or mobile device that contains the primary computer hardware devices, such as the motherboard, CPU, hard drive, and RAM.
Each separate instruction represents commands that tells the CPU what to do next. true or false
true
programming data also uses binary code? true or false
true
The binary numbering system is used by computers to represent numbers and it only uses two symbols (1 and 0) to represent all possible numbers. true or false
true.