Chapter 2: Drug Use As A Social Problem

According to the 1960s experiments on self-administration of morphine by monkeys, only those monkeys who were initially made physically dependent on the drug continues pressing the lever for their morphine intake.

false

As cocaine-related deaths are ten times as many as marijuana-related deaths while being used by only one-eighth of the reported drug users, it can be concluded that marijuana is more dangerous than cocaine.

false

Match the types of substance dependence with the prevalent medical notions about them in the 1960s.

psychological dependence - it was all in a user's head physical dependence - it was subject to physiological and biochemical analysis

Psychological dependence of a user on drugs, based on ____, is increasingly accepted as the real driving force behind repeated drug use.

reinforcement

In the context of the data gathers by the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) system, rank the top classes of drugs involved in emergency room visits in the descending order of number of cases.

1. alcohol in combination (606,653) 2. cocaine (505,224) 3. prescription opioids (488,004) 4. marijuana (455,668) 5. benzodiazepines 6. heroin 7. methemphetamine 8. antidepressants 9. PCP 10. antipsychotics

According to available data on mortality due to consumption of substances in the US, rank the substance in decreasing order (from the highest to the lowest) of their potential danger to users.

1. tobacco 2. alcohol 3. psychoactive drugs

The basis for laws concerning drug use and drug users was the belief that ____. A) drug use causes crime B) drug users are patients C) drug use causes genetic disorders D) drug users are victims

A) drug use causes crime

The laissez-faire style regulation of sale and use of most drug by the U.S government in the 1800s implied that ____. A) if a seller wanted to sell drugs, and a buyer wanted to buy drugs, the government allowed it B) only a pharmacist held the license to sell psychoactive drugs for nonmedical use C) a seller wanted to sell drugs, he or she first had to apply fof a license to sell psychoactive drugs D) buyers interested in buying drugs had to enter into a binding confidentiality agreement with a seller

A) if a seller wanted to sell drugs, and a buyer wanted to buy drugs, the government allowed it

Identify the personality traits that are frequently and increasingly being associated with tendency to develop substance dependence. A) impulsive behavior B) extroversion C) punctuality D) sensation-seeking

A) impulsive behavior D) sensation-seeking

The commission of crimes to obtain money for expensive illicit is primarily due to ____. A) the artificially high cost of the drug B) a drug user's license to freely sell drugs C) a dug user's genetic predisposition to committing crimes D) pharmacological effect of the drugs

A) the artificially high cost of the drug the third sense in which drug use may be said to cause crime refers to crimes carried out for the purpose of obtaining money to purchase illicit drugs. the commission of crimes to obtain money for expensive illicit drugs is due to the artificially high cost of the drug, not primarily to a pharmacological effect of the drug

Identify the main concerns that motivate the federal government to pass laws that placed restrictive regulations on the sale and use of psychoactive drugs. A) Lethargy B) Crime C) Availability D) Dependence E) Toxicity

B) Crime D) Dependence E) Toxicity

Identify the diseases that are at an increased risk of transmission due to needle-sharing activities of intravenous drug users. A) asthma B) hepatitis C) eczema D) AIDS

B) hepatitis D) AIDS

In the context of substance dependence being a family disorder, ___ of family members on the user facilitates further substance use by the user. A) impulsivity B) reinforcement C) codependence D) antecedence

C) codependence

According to research conducted on personality types that typically tend to be involved in drug-taking behavior, _____ . A) there is insufficient data to link sensation-seeking behavior with use of drugs B) drug-taking behavior is purely hereditary and does not depend on a user's personality C) there is a relationship between a user's personality and drug-taking behavior D) impulsivity has been ruled out as an influence of personality on drug-taking behavior

C) there is a relationship between a user's personality and drug-taking behavior

In the context of effect of drugs, the word ___ meas poisonous, deadly, or dangerous. A) gateway B) antecedent C) toxic D) malicious

C) toxic refer to those effects of drugs that interfere with normal functioning in such a way as to produce dangerous or potentially dangerous consequences

Identify a substance that is most commonly linked with criminal or violent behavior. A) marijuana B) tobacco C) heroin D) alcohol

D) alcohol - marijuana produces a state more akin to lethargy than to crazed violence. - heroin tends to make its users more passive and perhaps sexually impotent. - stimulants such as amphetamine and cocaine can make people paranoid and "jumpy," and this can contribute to violent behavior in some cases. - hallucinogen PCP causes disorientation and blocks pain, so users are sometimes hard to restrain . - alcohol is clearly linked with violent crime. In many assaults and sexual assaults, alcohol is present in both assailant and victim.

It is likely that the relationship between drug use and other forms of deviant behavior is strengthened by the fact that _____. A) drug use does not affect the user psychologically B) drug use is not like a disease C) drug use is hereditary D) drug use is a crime

D) drug use is a crime the fourth and final sense in which drug use causes crime is that illicit drug use is a crime itself

____ dependence on a drug implies that a user's body has become adapted to the drug's presence. A) effective B) physical C) affective D) psychological

D) physical physical dependence is defined by the occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome. Suppose a person has begun to take a drug and a tolerance has developed. The person increases the amount of drug and continues to take these higher doses so regularly that the body is continuously exposed to the drug for days or weeks. With some drugs, when the person stops taking the drug abruptly, a set of symptoms begins to appear as the drug level in the system drops. psychological dependence (also called behavioral dependence) can be defined in terms of observable behavior. It is indicated by the frequency of using a drug or by the amount of time or effort an individual spends in drug-seeking behavior. Often it is accompanied by reports of craving the drug or its effects. A major contribution of behavioral psychology has been to point out the scientific value of the concept of reinforcement for understanding psychological dependence.

In the context of duration of effects of drugs, match the types of toxicity with their definitions.

acute toxicity - the short term effects of a single dose of a drug chronic toxicity - the long term effect from the repeated use of a drug

Psychological dependence on a drug, also called ___ dependence, can be defined in terms of observable behavior of a user toward a drug

behavioral

In the context of alcohol use. match the types of toxicity with their examples.

behavioral toxicity - a person being unable to drive a car properly under the influence of alcohol physiological toxicity - a person experiencing severe confusion and sudden lapses in and out of consciousness and/or seizures

The idea that substance dependence is like a disease takes a broad, _____ perspective that dependence might be related to dysfunctions of biology, personality, social interactions, or a combination of factors.

biopsychosocial