Chapter 2 Fungal Reproduction

Chlamydospores

-CELLS/SPORES SURROUNDED BY THICK CELL WALL -Form with a thickened cell wall inside hyphae -C. albican produce what type of spore

conidia mildew

-Conidial fungus reproduces by means of asexual spores called ___. -Most of the common household molds & ___s are conidial fungi

Sporangiospores

-Which of the following spores are produced within a sac(sporangium)? -Rhizopus sp.

Vegetative Reproduction

-does not involve seeds -some offspring can grow from cuttings (e.g. coleus), runners (e.g. strawberries), tubers (e.g. potatoes) or bulbs (e.g. tulips)... which are part of the parent plant.

binary fission

-happens in bacteria, amoeba, some algae -one parent cell splits into 2 identical daughter cell

spore formation

-happens in fungi, green algae, moulds and non flowering plants (e.g. ferns) -spores are produced and each spore develops into offspring which are identical to parent

budding

-happens in yeast, hydra, corals -parent produces a bud -bud gets detached and develops into offspring which is identical to parent

Blastospores

-spores that bud off of vegetative mother cells -A bud coming off the parent cell -Candida albicans

Conidiospores

-types of asexual spores that are not contained within a sac. -NOT ENCLOSED IN SAC PRODUCED AT THE TIPS OR SIDES OF HYPHA -Multiple (chains) or single spores formed at the end of an aerial hypha -Not enclosed within a sac -Eg: Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.

asexual

1 parent, genetically identical, body cells and quick.

sexual

2 parents, genetic mix, sex cells and slow

Deuteromycetes

4 th group, the ___, have NO sexual reproduction

gametangia

An organ or cell which gametes are produced

filamentous

Asexual by fragmentation of fungi and spores and sexual by spores. What type of fungi?

aerial

Asexual spores occurs several times throughout the season, produced by fragmentation of___ hyphae and progeny genetically identical to parent.

Yeast

Asexually by budding or fission but by spores in high stress condition. What fungi?

Fragmentation

Can occur whereby mycelium are torn apart by external forces and these bits can start new individuals if conditions are favourable.

protection

Chlamydospore. Nutrient is shunted from adjacent cells into a preferred cell and it swells up, converts nutrient materials to oil droplets for efficient storage, then rounds off with a thick, often roughened outer wall materials to oil droplets for efficient storage, then rounds off with a thick, often roughened outer wall for ___

Basidiomycota

Club fungi, septate hyphae, mushroom, basidiospore(on basidium), asexual through hyphae, Amanita, Claviceps purpurea

zygomycota

Conjugation Fungi, bread molds, Saprophytic, coenocytic, Sporangiospore, Zygospores, generally not pathogens. Rhizopus stolonifer.

monokaryotic

Each compartment has a single nucleus

mating type

Fungi reproduce sexually after two hyphae of opposite ___ ___ fuse.

dioecious

Having male and female reproductive organs in separate organisms

Deuteromycota

Imperfect fungi, no sexual stage, resemble ascomycota

eucarpic

In majority of fungi, only a portion of the thallus give rise to reproductive organs and they are called ___.

Zygospore

Mating of + and - --> Gametangia --> Zygote --> ___

thalli

Other species consist of male or female ___ - dioecious and therefore cannot reproduce itself

hermaphroditic

Possessing both the male and the female reproductive organs

mycelium

Production of spores where each spore germinate to form a germ tube that grows into the ___.

Ascomycota

Sac fungi, septate hyphae, some yeast, conidiospores, ascospores(in ascus/ascii), Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces, Trychophyton, Aspergillus

fission budding

Schizosacchromyces pombe by ___ but Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ___.

recombination

Several Ascomycota species are not known to have a sexual cycle. Such asexual species may be able to undergo genetic ___ between individuals by processes involving heterokaryosis and parasexual events.

meiosis

Sexual spores has three(3) phases of development 1. Plasmogamy 2. Karyogamy 3. ___

holocarpic

Somatic and reproductive phases do not occur together in the same individual.

thallus

Some fungal species produce distinguishable male and female sex organs on each ___.

antheridia

Structures in plants that produce male gametes -male gametangium

budding

The bud increase in size while still attached to the parent cell and eventually breaks off and forms a new individual. Yeast reproduce via ___ but do some other fungi in different conditions.

resting

The chlamydospore is a method of producing a substantial ___ spore very quickly

mating

The rhizoids meet underground and ___ occurs between hyphae of different molds (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION)

Arthrospores

These spores are formed by the breakup of the hyphal elements

parasexual reproduction

This phenomenon occurs whereby the three steps in sexual reproduction take place not at specific points in the life cycle.

Parasexuality

___ refers to the process of heterokaryosis, caused by merging of two hyphae belonging to different individuals, by a process called anastomosis, followed by a series of events resulting in genetically different cell nuclei in the mycelium.

Fission

a simple splitting of a cell into two new daughter cells by constriction and the formation of a cell wall e.g. yeast.

plasmogamy

a union of two protoplasts bringing about the nuclei close together and within same cell. - haploid nucleus of a donor cell (+) penetrates the cytoplasm of a recipient cell (-)

dikaryotic

basidiomycetes and ascomycetes have ___ stage (1n + 1n) before parental nuclei fuse to form diploid nucleus

monoecius

containing both male and female reproductive systems

Meiosis

diploid nucleus gives rise to haploid nuclei - Sexual spores, some + , some -,some recombinants - Sexual spores used to classify fungi into divisions

Karyogamy

fusion of the two nuclei. Formation of a dikaryon - a binucleate cell containing two nuclei from each parent - the 2 nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleu

diploid

fusion two haploid cells results in ___ cell

itself

hermaphroditic or monoecius species can reproduce sexually by ___

Anamorphs

lost ability to reproduce sexually-Penicillium -Deuteromycota -most are Ascomycetes

telemorphs

produce both sexual and asexual spores

Rhizoids

root-like hyphae

Heterokaryosis

the existence of different kinds of nuclei in the same individual.

parasexual

the intermediate step between asexual and sexual reproduction. Fungi is the best example. Instead of doubling of copying of DNA and reduction during meiosis, there is a fusion of cells without any copying and then a reduction randomly occurs later, through chromosome in activation or through other methods. No doubling initially, different from meiosis. Still shows an alternative or stepping stone towards sexual reproduction

Budding

the production of small outgrowths (bud) from a parent cell and as the bus is formed, the nucleus of the parent cell divides and one daughter nucleus migrates into the bud.

dikaryotic

two distinct nuclei within each hyphae compartment