Chapter 2 Quiz - Research

Which of the following represents a weak positive correlation?

+0.2

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.53

________ (IRB) reviews research that is involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Review Board

________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.

Inter-rater reliability

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is abstract/vague.

________, an anthropologist, contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

________ research studies the same groups of participants over time.

Longitudinal

The first woman to earn the PhD degree in psychology was ________.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding

The ________ group does not get the experimental treatment.

control

What kind of research is Saanvi conducting if she tracks six groups of participants, each group a different age, over several years, assessing them on her variable of interest once every six months?

cross-sectional

In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments.

double-blind

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

The ________ is controlled by the experimenter.

independent variable

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results.

is large and randomly selected

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design.

longitudinal

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliability

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

replication crisis

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been ________.

retracted due to a financial conflict of interest by the author

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research.

rodents

A ________ is a graphical view of the strength and direction of a correlation.

scatterplot

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Which of the following statements is not a hypothesis?

Anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences.

In order to assess whether viewpoints on decriminalization of marijuana for medical purposes change with age, four groups of participants, ages 20, 30, 40, and 50, are asked whether they support this issue. What is one flaw of this design?

Social or cultural factors may influence the results, not age.

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported.

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

designing, conducting, and reviewing

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of ________.

falsifiability

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

human; obtaining informed consent

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

The D.A.R.E. program is an example of ________.

why empirical research is needed