Chapter 2 SmartBook questions

Julissa is in Piaget's formal operational stage. What is the best estimate for her age? Multiple choice question. 5 2 14 9

14

The neurotransmitter ____________ plays an important role in our experience of reward, while the neurotransmitter ____________ plays an important role in the experience of different moods.

dopamine, serotonin

About ______% of teen drivers reported texting while driving. Multiple choice question. 70 40 10 3

40

______ is an approach to understanding adolescent risk taking in which behaviors are seen as the outcome of systematic decision-making processes. Multiple choice question. Social-processing theory Behavioral decision theory The risk-resilience model Juvenile delinquency

Behavioral decision theory

At the heart of brain plasticity are which of the following two concepts? Multiple select question. "Check it and review it." "Use it or lose it." "Ignore and dismiss it." "Use it and improve it."

"Use it or lose it." "Use it and improve it."

Repeated activation of a specific collection of neurons ______ the connections among neurons. Multiple choice question. confuses strengthens destroys sets in stone

strengthens

__________ memory is the ability to recall personally meaningful events.

Autobiographical

Gains in social cognition are related to advances in which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Autonomy Identity development Sexuality Intimacy Achievement Deviant thinking Neuroticism

Autonomy Identity development Sexuality Intimacy Achievement

Brandon is 16 years old and his brother, Blake, is 26 years old. Which of the following statements about risky behavior is true? Multiple choice question. Brandon is more likely than Blake to focus on the potential rewards of risky behavior. Blake is more likely than Brandon to engage in certain types of risky behavior, like drug use and sexual promiscuity. Brandon is more likely than Blake to focus on the negative consequences associated with risky behavior. Blake will underestimate his vulnerability in risky situations, whereas Brandon will overestimate his vulnerability.

Brandon is more likely than Blake to focus on the potential rewards of risky behavior.

Which three parts make up a neuron? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Dendrites White matter Hemoglobin cells The cell body Gray matter Axon

Dendrites The cell body Axon

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in risky sexual behavior? Multiple choice question. Aisha, who largely ignores others' facial expressions Erin, who is somewhat oblivious to social cues Derick, who is highly responsive to social rewards Trang, who has become somewhat more responsive to others' mental states

Derick, who is highly responsive to social rewards

Which of the following increases the risk of automobile accidents in adolescence? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Driving alone Driving with adults Primarily driving with parents Driving with teenage passengers

Driving alone Driving with teenage passengers

True or false: The reminiscence bump only applies to significant, life-altering events, such as one's first love or first time living away from home.

False

______ is a technique used to produce images of the brain, often while the subject is performing some sort of mental task. Multiple choice question. Diffusion tensor imaging Electroencephalography Functional magnetic resonance imaging Computerized axial tomography

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

Which two techniques are commonly used by researchers to take pictures of individuals' brains and compare their anatomy and activity? Multiple select question. Endoscopic ultrasonography An electrocardiogram Functional magnetic resonance imaging Diffusion tensor imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging Diffusion tensor imaging

Brain __________ is the physical form and organization of the brain.

structure

Which of the following strategies had led to the greatest declines in the rate of teen smoking? Multiple choice question. Anti-tobacco education Making teens pay for health insurance Holding parents legally accountable for teens purchasing tobacco products Increasing the cost of cigarettes

Increasing the cost of cigarettes

Which of the following best characterizes how sensitivity to others' mental states changes in adolescence? Multiple choice question. It decreases consistently over the course of adolescence. It briefly decreases before returning to normal at the end of adolescence. It rarely changes, unless an adolescent is particularly hormonally imbalanced. It increases, though these increases are variable for different adolescents.

It increases, though these increases are variable for different adolescents.

Which two adolescents are most likely to engage in risk-taking behavior? Multiple select question. Marley, who is very negatively emotionally aroused Ansel, who spends long hours playing or practicing sports Van, who is extraverted and popular Sarah, who is very positively emotionally aroused

Marley, who is very negatively emotionally aroused Sarah, who is very positively emotionally aroused

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in risky behavior? Multiple choice question. Beth, who scores low in sensation seeking Michelle, who just turned 16 Finn, who is introverted Marty, who is impulsive

Marty, who is impulsive

Studies on information processing have focused on which of the following areas? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Memory Attention Empathy Organization Emotion

Memory Attention Organization

Which of the following terms refers to the ability to understand someone else's mental state? Multiple choice question. Metacognition Deductive thinking Intuition Mentalizing

Mentalizing

Theorists who adopt a cognitive-developmental view of intellectual development have a ______ perspective. Multiple choice question. Freudian Piagetian narrow relativistic

Piagetian

Which of the following is an example of an adolescent behavior that affects brain development? Multiple select question. Practicing with a musical instrument Participating in a training program Using drugs Ignoring facial expressions

Practicing with a musical instrument Participating in a training program Using drugs

Which of the following brain structures is most important in adolescents' ability to weigh risks and rewards? Multiple choice question. Cerebellum Prefrontal cortex Corpus callosum Hippocampus

Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following skills are necessary for hypothetical thinking? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Solving complex mathematical equations Identifying the obvious characteristics of a problem Reasoning in black-and-white terms Seeing the future consequences of an action Planning ahead Providing alternative explanations of event

Seeing the future consequences of an action Planning ahead Providing alternative explanations of events

Liv, age 16, has developed the ability to see things as relative. How will this most likely affect Liv's relationship with her parents? Multiple choice question. She will expect yes-or-no answers on issues related to curfew, dating, and school. She will become more agreeable with her parents. She may shut down and avoid talking to her parents. She may question everything her parents say.

She may question everything her parents say.

According to Vygotsky, which of the following types of tasks fall within the zone of proximal development? Multiple choice question. Extremely challenging Below-level Slightly above-level Never-before-seen

Slightly above-level

When does synaptic pruning begin? Multiple choice question. In the preschool years Not until adolescence In the first trimester of pregnancy Soon after birth

Soon after birth

Which of the following is an example of a social convention? Multiple choice question. Voting in an election Waiting in line to buy concert tickets Stopping at a red light and waiting for it to turn green Lying to parents

Waiting in line to buy concert tickets

Which of the following contributes to the adolescent's ability to have more sophisticated and more complicated self-conceptions and relationships? Multiple choice question. Egocentrism Thinking in multiple dimensions Deductive thinking Hypothetical reasoning

Thinking in multiple dimensions

Tanner is 12 years old and Tyrone is 15 years old. Which of the following statements about processing speed is true? Multiple choice question. Tanner has not yet gained the cognitive skills to efficiently process information. Tanner will process information faster than Tyrone. Both Tanner and Tyrone will process information at a similar speed. Tyrone will process information faster than Tanner.

Tyrone will process information faster than Tanner.

Having complex discussions about politics and religion requires ______. Multiple choice question. deductive reasoning abstract thinking concrete thinking metacognition

abstract thinking

Imagining that your behavior is the focus of everyone else's attention results in a belief in ______. Multiple choice question. hypothetical reasoning an imaginary audience a personal fable adolescent idealism

an imaginary audience

Sixteen-year-old Quentin fondly remembers the first time he went fishing with his grandfather. Although he was only 4 years old, Quentin caught a 6-pound catfish. Quentin's recollection is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. the reminiscence bump autobiographical memory assisted recall working memory

autobiographical memory

T. J. recently took an intelligence test and his score was 100. T. J.'s score falls within the ______ range. Multiple choice question. low high average superior average

average

One study of delinquent youths found that adolescents' criminal activity was more strongly related to their ______. Multiple choice question. parents' beliefs about the potential rewards of the activity than to their peers' beliefs about the rewards perceptions of the activity's riskiness than to their beliefs about the potential rewards of the activity understanding of the potential risks than to the actual consequences of being arrested and going to jail beliefs about the potential rewards of the activity than to their perceptions of the activity's riskiness

beliefs about the potential rewards of the activity than to their perceptions of the activity's riskiness

Gains in social ______________, or thinking about people, social relationships, and social institutions, contribute to many psychosocial advances typically associated with adolescence, such as advances in the realms of identity, autonomy, intimacy, sexuality, and achievement.

cognition

Compared to children, adolescents are able to think ______, which means to think about not only how things actually are but also what might have been. Multiple choice question. counterfactually radically hypothetically concretely

counterfactually

Many states have found that graduated drivers licensing (decreases/increases)____________ the incidence of fatal car crashes involving 16-year-olds and (decreases/increases)____________ the incidence of fatal car crashes among 18-year-olds.

decreases, increases

_______________ reasoning is a type of logical reasoning in which you draw logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises, or givens.

deductive

Consider the following problem: "All hockey players wear mouth guards. Kim is a hockey player. Does Kim wear a mouth guard?" Solving this problem requires ______. Multiple choice question. deductive reasoning metacognition hypothetical thinking relativism

deductive reasoning

Rhianna, age 15, is able to draw logically necessary conclusions from a general set of premises. This means Rhianna is capable of ______. Multiple choice question. adolescent egocentrism metacognition formal operational thinking deductive reasoning

deductive reasoning

The ______ is the receiving part of the neuron, and the ______ carries information away from the cell body to other cells. Multiple choice question. dendrite; axon cell body; dendrite cell body; axon axon; dendrite

dendrite; axon

Paying attention to two sets of stimuli at the same time is called ______. Multiple choice question. selective attention metacognition abstract thinking divided attention

divided attention

The increase in speed of information processing occurs mainly in ______. Multiple choice question. early adolescence early childhood middle childhood middle adulthood

early adolescence

At 14, Ashleigh often lashes out at her siblings and peers, even when they are simply teasing her. Ashleigh's behavior reflects an increase in ______. Multiple choice question. functional connectivity emotional reactivity executive function internalizing problems

emotional reactivity

As she has moved through adolescence, 18-year-old Lara has experienced significant gains in self-control and advanced thinking. These gains reflect changes in ______. Multiple choice question. executive function metacognition interpersonal cognition the parietal lobes

executive function

More advanced thinking abilities, enabled chiefly by the maturation of the prefrontal cortex, especially in adolescence, is called ______. Multiple choice question. executive functioning metacognition response inhibition intelligence

executive functioning

True or false: Gains in logical thinking fully explain the decline in risk taking between adolescence and adulthood.

false

Which of the following is a consequence of the increase in emotional reactivity that occurs during adolescence? Multiple choice question. Avoiding risks Developing powers of metacognition Forming closer parental bonds Feeling threatened

feeling threatened

The _____________ ___________ stage is Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

In most cultures, adolescents believe that ______ should not be restricted. Multiple choice question. the ability to declare war on enemies the minimum age for marriage the minimum age for driving freedom of religion

freedom of religion

Brain ___________ refers to patterns of brain activity.

function

The simultaneous recruitment of multiple brain regions working as a "team" is referred to as ______. Multiple choice question. emotional reactivity executive function response inhibition functional connectivity

functional connectivity

According to Piaget's theory, adolescent thinking is ______ the type of thinking employed by children. Multiple choice question. more concrete than much simpler than basically similar to fundamentally different than

fundamentally different than

The ________________- _______________ perspective attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process

information-processing

Response _____________ is the suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required.

inhibition

IQ stands for ______. Multiple choice question. intelligence quadrant information quotient intellectual quartile intelligence quotient

intelligence quotient

Children's brains are characterized by a large number of relatively "local" connections, but as individuals mature through adolescence into adulthood, more distant regions become increasingly (interconnected/disconnected)

interconnected

Better connectivity between the prefrontal cortex and the ___________ ___________ leads to improvements in our ability to regulate our emotions and coordinate our thoughts and feelings.

limbic system

The ______ is an area of the brain that plays an important role in the processing of emotional experience, social information, and reward and punishment. Multiple choice question. prefrontal cortex limbic system brain stem cerebellum

limbic system

___________-__________ memory involves being able to recall something from a long time ago.

long-term

Thinking about thinking itself is called ___________

metacognition

__________ often involves monitoring your own cognitive activity during the thinking process.

metacognition

Theory of _________ is the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from one's own.

mind

Adolescents take (more/fewer) risks than adults.

more

Fill in the blank question. Adolescents are (more/less) likely to see things as relative.

more

Changes in the production of dopamine and serotonin make adolescents ______. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. more likely to engage in sensation seeking less sensitive to environmental stimuli more conscientious about school work less emotional more responsive to stress more emotional more sensitive to rewards less responsive to stress

more likely to engage in sensation seeking more responsive to stress more emotional more sensitive to rewards

Compared to children, adolescents more often demonstrate ______ thinking. Multiple choice question. concrete absolute multidimensional highly realistic

multidimensional

The growth of myelin, called ____________ , occurs in waves, beginning before birth and continuing into young adulthood.

myelination

The process through which brain circuits are insulated with myelin is called

myelination

Most adolescent risk taking occurs when ______ are present. Multiple choice question. teachers other teenagers parents younger siblings

other teenagers

An adolescent's belief that he or she is unique and therefore not subject to the rules that govern other people's behavior is called the .___________ __________

personal fable

Multiple Choice Question ______ is the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience. Multiple choice question. Inhibition Plasticity Synaptic pruning Myelination

plasticity

During adolescence, pruning of the ______ is dramatic. Multiple choice question. occipital lobes prefrontal cortex brain stem cerebellum

prefrontal cortex

In the second stage of Piaget's theory, the ________________ stage, children begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.

preoperational

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is the ______ stage. Multiple choice question. formal operational sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational

preoperational

The main health problems of adolescence are the result of behaviors that can be __________

prevented

In Vygotsky's theory, the level of challenge that is still within the individual's reach but that forces an individual to develop more advanced skills is known as the zone of ___________ _________

proximal development

For the child, what is possible is what is (possible/real) ; for the adolescent, what is real is just a subset of what is (possible/real) .

real, possible

Improvements in intuitive decision-making abilities are associated with Multiple choice question. greater risk taking. a lack of experience. reduced risk taking. systematic analysis of risk.

reduced risk taking.

While children view things in black-and-white terms, adolescents see things as (relative/concrete) ________________.

relative

Adults generally remember details about the people, places, and events they encountered during adolescence better than those from other years, a phenomenon called the _________ ________

reminiscence bump

The suppression of a behavior that is inappropriate or no longer required is called ______. Multiple choice question. synaptic pruning executive function response inhibition metacognition

response inhibition

In order to think hypothetically, an individual must be able to ______. Multiple choice question. identify a single solution to a problem reason at a concrete level support multiple sides of a complex issue see beyond what is directly observable

see beyond what is directly observable

Martin is able to focus on his mother's voice among many in a crowded room. Martin is demonstrating ___________ attention.

selective

The growth of ______ thinking during adolescence is directly related to the young person's improving ability to think abstractly. Multiple choice question. individual specific social literal

social

The social norms that guide day-to-day behavior are called _________ ________.

social conventions

Most adolescents agree that individual rights should ______ be subject to restrictions. Multiple choice question. never always often sometimes

sometimes

Between the tip of one neuron's axon and another neuron's dendrite, there is a tiny gap called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. synapse electrical impulse neurotransmitter neural pathway

synapse

The gap in space between neurons, across which neurotransmitters carry electrical impulses, is called the ____________.

synapse

The process through which unnecessary connections between neurons are eliminated, improving the efficiency of information processing, is called __________ __________.

synaptic pruning

When asked to describe herself, 16-year-old McKenzie replies, "I'm shy in big groups of people. But when I'm with my friends, I'm extroverted and outgoing." McKenzie's description reflects ______. Multiple choice question. adolescent egocentrism the ability to think in multiple dimensions the initial stage of abstract thinking the personal fable

the ability to think in multiple dimensions

Jessie storms down the stairs 20 minutes before she needs to leave for school. She points at her face and yells, "There is no way I'm going to school today! Look at these pimples. Everyone will notice and make fun of me!" Jessie is demonstrating the concept of ______. Multiple choice question. social awareness the imaginary audience the personal fable distorted metacognition

the imaginary audience

Gerald arrived at the coliseum to buy concert tickets for himself and his girlfriend. Upon noticing a line with hundreds of people, Gerald pushes his way toward the front, mumbling, "I don't have time for this. I have places to go. People need to get out of the way and let me grab the tickets and go." Gerald is demonstrating ______. Multiple choice question. cognitive dissonance abstract thinking the imaginary audience the personal fable

the personal fable

True or false: Behavioral decision theory draws heavily on economics.

true

______ memory is the ability to remember something for a brief period of time. Multiple choice question. Recognition Working Autobiographical Long-term

working