Chapter 20

______ turned the running of his empire over to his wife, the striking Persian princess Nur Jahan, on several occasions, and she mediated the succession wars after his death.

Jahangir

What noted structure was designed by the architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori?

The Red Fort of Shahjahanabad

By the time of Aurangzeb's death, the Marathas had set up their own administrative system, and were:

Encouraging raids on Mughal caravans and pack trains

After he had launched a coup against his father, Akbar, Salim:

Was reconciled with his Father

Akbar wore his hair long under his turban like the __________.

Sikhs

Akbar's four principal ministries included all of the following except:

Diplomatic relations with European trading companies.

As Mughal power was sapped by the revolts of the Marathas and others in the eighteenth century, the armed forces of the ___________ became important players in regional politics.

European trading companies

Aided by the ease of travel within the Mongol Empire, _________ had, by the fourteenth century, become the dominant religion among the Central Asian Turkic peoples.

Islam

When Jahangir died in 1627, who succeeded him to the Mughal throne?

Jahan

As distasteful as it was for a _________ to curry favor from the Safavid ruler Shah Tahmasp, Humayun received his support and reclaimed his throne in 1555.

Sunni Muslim

Succession in the Mughal empire was complicated due to the fact:

That traditional nomadic succession practices had been institutionalized.

Aurangzeb spent much of the last two decades of his life campaigning against the _________.

Hindu Marathas

The memory of Humayun's __________ was galling to the Mughals.

Forced conversion to Shiism.

Even though he was outnumbered, Babur was able to defeat the Lodi ruler at Paniput because:

He possessed matchlock muskets and field cannon

_______ reimposed the hated jizya tax on non-muslims, which had been abolished by Akbar.

Aurangzeb

For Babur and his successors, their ruling family would always be "The House of Timur," prompting historians to sometimes refer to the line as the Timurids. However, because of their claims to the legacy of Genghis Khan, they would be better known to the world as the _________.

Mughals

Like his model Genghis Khan, Timur:

Proved surprisingly liberal in the treatment of at least some cities that surrendered.

What made a uniform tax on agriculture difficult to enforce?

Regional differences in soil conditions, climate, and productivity.

The basic administrative unit in Mughal India was the pargana which comprised of

A town and up to one hundred villages.

In addition to being a monument to his beloved wife, the Taj Mahal is also an architectural allegory for:

Allah's judgment in paradise on the day of the resurrection.

The Golden Temple in the city of _____ became the religious center of the Sikhs, and they defended their faith against the repressive policies of Aurangzeb.

Amritsar

Akbar married the Rajput princess Manmati, despite her adherence to:

Hinduism

The astronomers of the Kerala school had calculated elliptical orbits for the visible planets a century in advance of __________.

Johannes Kepler

The Mughals appointed numbers of the new ____ elite to positions in the provincial governments and state ministries.

Mansabdar

Akbar had a sudden intense mystical experience in 1578, gradually developing a personal philosophy he called "sulh-i kull", meaning "_________".

peace with all

A four-way struggle broke out among the sons of Shah Jahan when he fell ill in ____

1657

Due to rural economic expansion during the Mughal period, the population grew to ____ by 1800.

200

Who built the complex that houses the tomb of Sufi mystic Salim Chishti shown above?

Akbar

The Gunpowder empires, named for their reliance on cannons and small arms in their military campaigns, included:

All of the above (Mughals, Safavids, Ottomans)

The Mughals gave India one of its most prolific eras in terms of profusion and synthesis of literary genres, with ______ remaining the chief languages of literature in Islamic India.

Arabic and Persian

Akbar's religious policies were viewed, by his fellow Muslims:

As proof that he had actually become a non-believer

The end of the fourteenth century marked the stunning rise of Temur Gurgan, who almost matched the conquests of:

Genghis Khan

In the 1550s, Mughal forces secured the eastern, southern, and western flanks of their lands, anchoring Islam with the territory called "_______"

Hindustan

The Mughals built fortresses at strategic points throughout their inner domains as well as along the frontier, and the largest was the Red Fort in _____.

Delhi

Inconsolable after the loss of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, Shah Jahan built a magnificent tomb complex in her honor near _________.

Agra

_________ writers, painters, and poets followed Humayun to India, where their talents enlivened the arts and helped develop Urdu verse forms.

Persian

Women could, and often did, exercise a greater degree of power and influence among the ___________ than among most other groups in India.

Turkic peoples

Babur, holding court in the image above, claimed legitimacy based on his father being a descendant of Timur and his mother:

Was related to Genghis Khan

Indian _________ calicoes (named for the Indian port of Calicut) proved immensely popular in Europe for underwear and summer clothing.

cotton

The skills of Hindus and Jains were increasingly sought by the Mughal court, and Akbar made a Hindu his ___________ and employed Hindu court astrologers.

finance minister

For the English, the acquisition of Bombay (Mumbai) from the _________ in the 1660s gave the British East India Company a superb harbor.

Portuguese

Mughal relations with Safavid Persia, where _________ was the official state religion, meant a certain influence on the Mughal court was unavoidable.

Shia Islam