Chapter 20 A&P2

Urine produced in the nephron will pass through all of the following structures. Place them in the correct order, with the structure closest to the nephron at the top.

1. calyces 2. renal pelvis 3. ureter 4. urinary bladder 5. urethra

Place the following structures in order of urine elimination, with the structure closest to the renal pelvis at the top.

1. ureter 2. urinary bladder 3. urethra

A kidney is approximately ______ centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick.

12

True or false: A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts.

False

What determines the composition of urine?

The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment.

What is a glomerulus?

a tangled cluster of blood capillaries

Before urine is excreted, ______ of the sodium ions and water are reabsorbed.

almost all

Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts.

antidiuretic hormone

The ability of the kidney to maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate is called ______.

autoregulation

The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal _______.

clearance

The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal ________.

clearance

Distal tubules from several nephrons merge in the renal cortex to form a(n)

collecting duct

Name the tube that collects urine from several nephrons and conveys it down the renal pyramid to the renal papilla.

collecting duct

Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges?

composition of body fluids volume of body fluids pH of body fluids

What is the function of renin?

convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Any condition that reduces glomerular capillary surface area will cause a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration.

decrease

Renin secretion increases when blood pressure is ______.

decreased

Renin would be released by juxtaglomerular cells when the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the ascending limb of the nephron is ______.

decreased

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is ______ proportional to net filtration pressure (NFP), so altering NFP allows regulation of GFR.

directly

Name the final segment of the renal tubule of a nephron.

distal tubule

Tubular fluid flows from which renal tubular segment into the collecting duct?

distal tubule

Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule.

distal tubule nephron loop proximal tubule

An increase in urine volume is called

diuresis

Which term refers to an increase in urine volume?

diuresis

What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration?

favors filtration

Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.

fenestrae

During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______.

filtrate

The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration.

filtrate

Glomerular ______ involves the movement of water and other small dissolved molecules and ions from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

filtration

Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.

glomerular capillaries

Where does glomerular filtration occur?

glomerular capillaries

Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what?

glomerular capillaries

If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition?

glomerular damage

The rate of 120-125 milliliters per minute of fluid entering the nephrons of both kidneys is called the ______ rate.

glomerular filtration

Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.

glomerular filtration

What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?

glomerular filtration rate

Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively stable ______ in spite of changes in arterial blood pressure.

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

What is the most important factor in determining GFR?

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ______ into the ______.

glomerulus; nephron

What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration?

hydrostatic pressure of blood

Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ______ pressure of the ______ inside.

hydrostatic; blood

If net filtration pressure increases, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will ______.

increase

Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will result in a(n) ______ in the net filtration pressure.

increase

Define diuresis.

increase in urine volume

What are some effects of angiotensin II?

increased aldosterone secretion increased ADH secretion vasoconstriction

Water excretion in the urine is ______ solute excretion.

independent of

Within the renal corpuscle, is colloid osmotic pressure an inward pressure drawing fluid into the capillaries or an outward pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries to the glomerular capsule?

inward

Due to the reabsorption of water and sodium from the proximal tubule, the tubular fluid is ______ to peritubular capillary blood plasma by the time it reaches the end of the proximal tubule.

isotonic

The renal artery brings blood to which structure?

kidney

Each ureter carries urine from a(n) ______ to the ______.

kidney; urinary bladder

Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______.

kidneys

The bean-shaped organs that are reddish-brown in color and have a smooth surface are the:

kidneys

As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed.

most

The volume of glomerular filtrate is ______ the volume of urine formed and excreted.

much greater than

The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n):

nephron

Each kidney has about one million ________, the functional unit responsible for urine formation.

nephrons

Which is the term for the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for urine production?

nephrons

What is the term for the OVERALL pressure moving fluid into and out of the glomerulus?

net filtration pressure (NFP)

Where are the kidneys located in the human body?

on either side of the vertebral column

Which transport mechanism is used for water reabsorption from the proximal tubule?

osmosis

Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ______ as it follows sodium reabsorption. The result is a(n) ______ in tubular fluid volume.

osmosis; decrease

When considering all of the pressures occurring within the renal corpuscle, does the NET PRESSURE move fluid into or out of the glomerular capillaries?

out of the glomerular capillaries

When considering the balance of inward and outward forces that determine net filtration, glomerular hydrostatic pressure within a glomerulus (i.e., blood pressure) acts as an ______ force.

outward

The kidneys are on the ______ wall.

posterior abdominal

The segment of renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the ______ tubule.

proximal

The segment of renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the ________ tubule.

proximal

he segment of renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the _______ tubule.

proximal

Leading away from the capsular space, glomerular filtrate first enters the ______.

proximal tubule

From the glomerular capsule, the order for the tubules of the nephron is ______.

proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule

Almost all of the sodium ions found in the glomerular filtrate are _________ before urine is excreted.

reabsorbed

In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular

reabsorption

In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular ________.

reabsorption

Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular ______.

reabsorption

The process that returns substances to the internal environment, back into the extracellular fluid, is called tubular _____.

reabsorption

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid

The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the ________ artery.

renal

Which are the two major components of a nephron?

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

The enzyme that is released by the kidneys, called ______, acts to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

renin

Movement of certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules is called tubular _______.

secretion

Which of the following stimulates the release of renin?

sympathetic stimulation decrease in blood pressure decreased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa

What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate?

the surface area available for filtration hydrostatic pressure of blood

The composition of glomerular filtrate is most like that of which body fluid?

tissue fluid

During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the ______ into the ______.

tubular fluid; blood

Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______.

tubular secretion

The byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver that is excreted in urine is ______.

urea

The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is

urea

The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is:

urea

Which compound is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine?

urea

As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first?

ureter

The tubular organ carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is the ______.

ureter

List three substances typically found in glomerular filtrate.

uric acid glucose amino acids

The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the ___________ system.

urinary

What is the hollow muscular organ that lies just posterior to the symphysis pubis?

urinary bladder

The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called:

urine

What is formed as wastes and excess water are removed from the blood and excreted by the kidneys?

urine

Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus?

vasoconstriction

The kidneys lie on either side of the _________ column in a depression high on the __________ wall of the abdominal cavity.

vertebral; posterior

Which functions does the urinary system regulate?

volume of body fluids pH balance excretion of drugs removal of metabolic wastes

Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of cells in the last portion of the distal tubule and in the collecting duct to ______.

water

The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to ______ being eliminated by the kidneys.

water