Chapter 20 A&P2
Urine produced in the nephron will pass through all of the following structures. Place them in the correct order, with the structure closest to the nephron at the top.
1. calyces 2. renal pelvis 3. ureter 4. urinary bladder 5. urethra
Place the following structures in order of urine elimination, with the structure closest to the renal pelvis at the top.
1. ureter 2. urinary bladder 3. urethra
A kidney is approximately ______ centimeters long, 6 centimeters wide, and 3 centimeters thick.
12
True or false: A very small percentage (<10%) of the original glomerular filtrate will be reabsorbed as the fluid flows through the nephrons and collecting ducts.
False
What determines the composition of urine?
The ratio of water and solutes eliminated to maintain internal environment.
What is a glomerulus?
a tangled cluster of blood capillaries
Before urine is excreted, ______ of the sodium ions and water are reabsorbed.
almost all
Name the posterior pituitary hormone that has the direct effect of increasing water reabsorption from distal tubules and collecting ducts.
antidiuretic hormone
The ability of the kidney to maintain a relatively constant glomerular filtration rate is called ______.
autoregulation
The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal _______.
clearance
The rate at which the kidneys remove a substance from plasma is called renal ________.
clearance
Distal tubules from several nephrons merge in the renal cortex to form a(n)
collecting duct
Name the tube that collects urine from several nephrons and conveys it down the renal pyramid to the renal papilla.
collecting duct
Contributing to homeostasis, the kidney functions to maintain which of the following within normal ranges?
composition of body fluids volume of body fluids pH of body fluids
What is the function of renin?
convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Any condition that reduces glomerular capillary surface area will cause a(n) ______ in glomerular filtration.
decrease
Renin secretion increases when blood pressure is ______.
decreased
Renin would be released by juxtaglomerular cells when the concentration of sodium and chloride ions in the ascending limb of the nephron is ______.
decreased
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is ______ proportional to net filtration pressure (NFP), so altering NFP allows regulation of GFR.
directly
Name the final segment of the renal tubule of a nephron.
distal tubule
Tubular fluid flows from which renal tubular segment into the collecting duct?
distal tubule
Identify the three main parts of a renal tubule.
distal tubule nephron loop proximal tubule
An increase in urine volume is called
diuresis
Which term refers to an increase in urine volume?
diuresis
What is the effect of hydrostatic pressure of blood on filtration?
favors filtration
Pores, called ______, are located in the walls of glomerular capillaries and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.
fenestrae
During the first step of urine formation, the material that enters the glomerular capsule is called glomerular ______.
filtrate
The fluid called glomerular ______ is produced by the process of glomerular filtration.
filtrate
Glomerular ______ involves the movement of water and other small dissolved molecules and ions from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.
filtration
Pores, called fenestrae, are found in the walls of the ______ and are important in allowing glomerular filtration.
glomerular capillaries
Where does glomerular filtration occur?
glomerular capillaries
Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what?
glomerular capillaries
If someone's renal clearance is abnormally low, it might indicate which type of condition?
glomerular damage
The rate of 120-125 milliliters per minute of fluid entering the nephrons of both kidneys is called the ______ rate.
glomerular filtration
Urine formation begins with a process called ______, in which water and other small dissolved molecules and ions are moved from the glomerular capillary plasma into the glomerular capsule.
glomerular filtration
What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?
glomerular filtration rate
Renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively stable ______ in spite of changes in arterial blood pressure.
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What is the most important factor in determining GFR?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
In glomerular filtration, substances move from the ______ into the ______.
glomerulus; nephron
What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration?
hydrostatic pressure of blood
Like filtration in the systemic capillaries, the main force that moves substances through the glomerular capillary wall is the ______ pressure of the ______ inside.
hydrostatic; blood
If net filtration pressure increases, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will ______.
increase
Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole will result in a(n) ______ in the net filtration pressure.
increase
Define diuresis.
increase in urine volume
What are some effects of angiotensin II?
increased aldosterone secretion increased ADH secretion vasoconstriction
Water excretion in the urine is ______ solute excretion.
independent of
Within the renal corpuscle, is colloid osmotic pressure an inward pressure drawing fluid into the capillaries or an outward pressure forcing fluid out of the capillaries to the glomerular capsule?
inward
Due to the reabsorption of water and sodium from the proximal tubule, the tubular fluid is ______ to peritubular capillary blood plasma by the time it reaches the end of the proximal tubule.
isotonic
The renal artery brings blood to which structure?
kidney
Each ureter carries urine from a(n) ______ to the ______.
kidney; urinary bladder
Regulating the volume and composition of body fluids is the primary function of the ______.
kidneys
The bean-shaped organs that are reddish-brown in color and have a smooth surface are the:
kidneys
As tubular fluid flows through the renal tubules, ______ of the fluid is reabsorbed.
most
The volume of glomerular filtrate is ______ the volume of urine formed and excreted.
much greater than
The structure that consists of a renal corpuscle and its associated renal tubule is called a(n):
nephron
Each kidney has about one million ________, the functional unit responsible for urine formation.
nephrons
Which is the term for the functional units of the kidneys, responsible for urine production?
nephrons
What is the term for the OVERALL pressure moving fluid into and out of the glomerulus?
net filtration pressure (NFP)
Where are the kidneys located in the human body?
on either side of the vertebral column
Which transport mechanism is used for water reabsorption from the proximal tubule?
osmosis
Water is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule by the process of ______ as it follows sodium reabsorption. The result is a(n) ______ in tubular fluid volume.
osmosis; decrease
When considering all of the pressures occurring within the renal corpuscle, does the NET PRESSURE move fluid into or out of the glomerular capillaries?
out of the glomerular capillaries
When considering the balance of inward and outward forces that determine net filtration, glomerular hydrostatic pressure within a glomerulus (i.e., blood pressure) acts as an ______ force.
outward
The kidneys are on the ______ wall.
posterior abdominal
The segment of renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the ______ tubule.
proximal
The segment of renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the ________ tubule.
proximal
he segment of renal tubule that receives filtrate from the glomerular capsule is the _______ tubule.
proximal
Leading away from the capsular space, glomerular filtrate first enters the ______.
proximal tubule
From the glomerular capsule, the order for the tubules of the nephron is ______.
proximal tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule
Almost all of the sodium ions found in the glomerular filtrate are _________ before urine is excreted.
reabsorbed
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular
reabsorption
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes are moved from the tubular fluid to the blood is called tubular ________.
reabsorption
Movement of materials from the renal tubule into the peritubular capillaries is called tubular ______.
reabsorption
The process that returns substances to the internal environment, back into the extracellular fluid, is called tubular _____.
reabsorption
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
regulate composition and volume of extracellular fluid
The blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney is called the ________ artery.
renal
Which are the two major components of a nephron?
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
The enzyme that is released by the kidneys, called ______, acts to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
renin
Movement of certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules is called tubular _______.
secretion
Which of the following stimulates the release of renin?
sympathetic stimulation decrease in blood pressure decreased amount of sodium sensed by the macula densa
What are the two main variables that affect the filtration rate?
the surface area available for filtration hydrostatic pressure of blood
The composition of glomerular filtrate is most like that of which body fluid?
tissue fluid
During tubular reabsorption, materials that are useful to the body are moved from the ______ into the ______.
tubular fluid; blood
Hydrogen ions move from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule by the process of ______.
tubular secretion
The byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver that is excreted in urine is ______.
urea
The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is
urea
The waste product produced by amino acid catabolism, and excreted from the body through urine, is:
urea
Which compound is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in the blood and urine?
urea
As urine leaves the kidney, which structure will it enter first?
ureter
The tubular organ carrying urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is the ______.
ureter
List three substances typically found in glomerular filtrate.
uric acid glucose amino acids
The system that removes certain salts and nitrogenous wastes is the ___________ system.
urinary
What is the hollow muscular organ that lies just posterior to the symphysis pubis?
urinary bladder
The excreted fluid that contains wastes, along with excess water and electrolytes is called:
urine
What is formed as wastes and excess water are removed from the blood and excreted by the kidneys?
urine
Which change in the efferent arteriole will lead to an increased net filtration pressure within the glomerulus?
vasoconstriction
The kidneys lie on either side of the _________ column in a depression high on the __________ wall of the abdominal cavity.
vertebral; posterior
Which functions does the urinary system regulate?
volume of body fluids pH balance excretion of drugs removal of metabolic wastes
Antidiuretic hormone increases the permeability of cells in the last portion of the distal tubule and in the collecting duct to ______.
water
The composition of urine reflects the ratio of solutes to ______ being eliminated by the kidneys.
water
