Midterm 1
This chief crop produced by Western Hemisphere slaves during the eighteenth century was also the first to be mass-marketed to consumers in Europe.
sugar
What did the 1766 Declaratory Act declare?
that Parliament had the power to pass laws for all of the colonies "in all cases whatever"
British success in the Seven Years' War contributed to the making of the American Revolution because
the British government raised taxes to pay for the debt it incurred during the war
The movement that sought to apply the scientific method of careful investigation based on research and experiment to politics and social life was called
the Enlightenment
It can be argued that conflict between the English settlers and local Indians in Virginia became inevitable when:
the Native Americans realized that England wanted to establish a permanent and constantly expanding colony, not just a trading post
The effect of the Enlightenment on religion resulted in
the adoption of the concept of deism
In the mid-eighteenth-century colonies, this area of settlement was the most rapidly growing region in North America.
the backcountry
The significance of the Pequot War of 1637 was that:
the brutishness and ferocity of the colonists surprised New England tribes
Following the Seven Years' War, what factor led to a loss of power for Native American tribes in eastern North America?
the departure of the French
The primary goal of fifteenth-century Portuguese expansion was
the establishment of a trading empire in Asia
Which of the following was an effect of Bacon's Rebellion
the increased use of African slaves
Why did news of the 1492 voyage of Columbus spread rapidly in Europe?
the invention of printing with movable type
A central element in the definition of English liberty was:
the right to a trial by jury
Which of the following was a feature of the 1774 Intolerable Acts?
the suppression of town meetings and local elections
When comparing the Chesapeake colonies to the New England settlements:
there were more indentured servants in the Chesapeake region
Despite China's growing territorial power, their purpose in exploration was
to impress other world peoples with their might
As leader of the Jamestown Colony, John Smith:
used rigorous military discipline to hold the colony together
What was the source of an increase in Native American tribal unity in the late 1700s?
violence directed against Indian people by white American soldiers and settlers
When colonists insisted that because they were not represented in Parliament they could not be taxed by the British government, the British replied that they were represented by
virtual representation
The "Sacred Experiment" carried out near present-day San Diego
was launched by the Spanish to take control and prevent occupation by foreigners
The Albany Plan of Union
was the attempt to create a council composed of delegates from each colony to levy taxes and settle domestic issues
Committees of Correspondence in the colonies during the 1760s
were a group of colonial elites who exchanged ideas and information about resistance to the Sugar, Currency, and Stamp Acts
Most seventeenth-century migrants to North America from England:
were lower-class men
The Great Awakening occurred because many ministers were concerned with
westward expansion
The first African slaves were shipped to the New World in what year?
1502
The final decisive victory in the War for Independence was
Cornwallis's defeat at Yorktown
When comparing English colonies to Spanish ones:
England sent more people to the Americas in the seventeenth century
T/F: "Racism"--the idea that some races are inherently superior to others and entitled to rule over them--was fully developed in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.
False
T/F: A strong immunity to European diseases strengthened Indian resistance to the conquistadores.
False
T/F: After 1667, the Virginia House of Burgesses held that Christians could not enslave other Christians.
False
T/F: In the late seventeenth century, the Iroquois were known for their fierce hatred and courageous fighting against British colonists.
False
T/F: Most colonies allowed Catholics and Jews to vote and hold public office.
False
T/F:Most European men in the 1500s owned property and could vote.
False
The phrase "freedom of speech" originated in colonial America.
False
Huguenots who settled in the American colonies came from
France
How did Cortés conquer the Aztecs?
He relied on iron weapons and gun powder
What was Puritan leader and Massachusetts Bay governor John Winthrop's attitude toward liberty?
He saw two kinds of liberty: natural liberty, the ability to do evil, and moral liberty, the ability to do good
What role did the "enclosure" movement play in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England?
It created a crisis where many people had no way to make a living
What was a key difference between indentured servants from England and slaves from Africa?
Most indentured servants voluntarily came to the colonies
Why did the Pueblo Revolt take place?
Native Americans in New Mexico grew resentful of Spanish colonization
Benjamin Franklin was particularly disturbed by the immigration of German people into
Pennsylvania
The colony founded by a leader who hoped women and blacks would be given equality along with all persons was
Pennsylvania
In the mid-eighteenth century, colonial America's leading commercial port and cultural center was
Philadelphia
In 1762, the Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched a revolt against British rule called
Pontiac's Rebellion
Eighteenth-century migrants included Scottish and Scotch-Irish, who were mostly
Presbyterians
Which of the following is true regarding the aftermath of King Philip's War?
Puritans sold Indian children from the warring tribes into slavery
Which of the following is true regarding the Middle Passage?
Ship captains sometimes threw slaves overboard, especially when they were sick
The richest group of mainland colonists were
South Carolina planters
Bartolomé de Las Casas in A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies in 1552 argued that
Spanish people burned Native American children alive
What did Mary Rowlandson's book demonstrate?
The strong pull of being part of the Puritan society
How did most Puritans view the separation of church and state?
They allowed church and state to be interconnected by requiring each town to establish a church and levy a tax to support the minister
Which of the following is true regarding free blacks (such as Anthony Johnson) in Virginia and Maryland in the 1600s?
They could sue or testify in court
What was Virginia's "gold," which ensured its survival and prosperity?
Tobacco
Britons and colonists tended to regard themselves as the freest people in the world.
True
T/F: By 1750, the Virginian population recognized "white" and "free" as virtually identical.
True
T/F: By 1775, three-fifths of the English owned no land, but about two-thirds of the free male colonists in British North America owned land.
True
T/F: Colonial political offices frequently passed from generation to generation within the same family.
True
T/F: During the first half of the eighteenth century, the flow of non-English migrants to British North America was larger than that of English migrants.
True
T/F: Every European empire in the New World utilized slave labor and battled for control of the slave trade.
True
T/F: In the Walking Purchase of 1737, the Lenni Lenape Indians of Pennsylvania lost more land when Governor James Logan hired a team of runners to mark off the amount of land "a man could walk" in thirty-six hours.
True
T/F: Most Indian tribes were matrilineal
True
T/F: Tituba, one of the people accused of being a witch in Salem, was originally an Indian from the Caribbean who, in 1692, was a slave in Massachusetts.
True
T/F: Under the seventeenth-century British Navigation Acts, certain goods produced in the colonies had to be transported in English ships and sold in ports in England.
True
T/F:Africans enslaved other Africans long before the arrival of European traders.
True
T/F:On the eve of colonization of the Americas, freedom in Europe was framed in hierarchical, top-down terms, with each level of society enjoying its own degree of freedom.
True
In Jonathan Edwards's view, what was a sinner's only hope in life?
a "new birth" in which they became devout Christians
The Mayflower Compact established:
a civil government for Plymouth Colony
The Carolina "Regulators" of the mid-1760s were
a group of wealthy residents of the backcountry who protested the lack of courts and lack of representation in the colonial governance
Under the Dutch in North America, "half freedom" referred to
a labor and land relationship with enslaved Africans
One significant consequence of the Glorious Revolution for the American colonies was
a renewed sense of entitlement to political liberty for Anglican Protestants
In the Salem witch trials of 1692,
almost 150 people, mostly women, were accused of witchcraft
A "praying Indian" was the term for
an Indian who converted to Christianity
Prior to being taken over by the English in 1664, New York was
called New Netherland and controlled by the Dutch empire
During the eighteenth century, more than half the Africans shipped to the New World as slaves were
carried on British vessels
In the seventeenth century, New England's economy:
centered on family farms and also involved the export of fish and timber
Anne Hutchinson's trial demonstrated that:
church elders lacked tolerance
Many British saw the colonists of British North America as religious dissidents, impoverished servants, and
convicts
Adding to Congress's formal declaration, the Declaration of Independence
declared the United States independent of British rule
Thomas Paine's January 1776 pamphlet Common Sense argued that
democracy and a written constitution were more preferable to monarchy
Women in Dutch settlements
enjoyed more independence than in other colonies
A major blow in the relationship between the British and colonists occurred when Lord Dunmore proclaimed
escaped African slaves who took up arms for the king of England would be freed
The Glorious Revolution
established parliamentary supremacy once and for all
The trial of John Peter Zenger involved the issue of
freedom of press
Which of the following was a major cause of Bacon's Rebellion?
frustration over high taxes and diminishing availability of land
The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 addressed:
generational conflicts
The European practice of "coverture" included that
in marriage, a wife surrendered her legal identity
The Virginia Company can be called a failure primarily because:
it ultimately did not make money
Following the Proclamation of 1763,
its ordinances were ignored and officials covered their involvement in land grabs
Compared to the Chesapeake colonies, New England had more economic equality because it had more:
landowners
The Native American leader Powhatan:
managed to consolidate control over some thirty nearby tribes
Native American religious beliefs and practices included
medicine men in positions of authority
A "borderland" is a
meeting place of peoples where geographic and cultural borders are not clearly defined
Under the ideals of liberalism, the "social contract" exhorted that
men retain their natural rights because these rights predated the establishment of political authority
At the time of first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, Native Americans had not developed
metal tools and machine
As a result of the Seven Years' War, a large number of French residents in Nova Scotia
moved to Louisiana, where their descendants came to be known as Cajuns
Who were the mestizos in the Americas?
persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin
Because French and Dutch settlements were more dependent on Indians as trading partners and allies than the English, Native Americans exercised more
power and freedom with Europeans in relations with these settlements
In the prevailing theory of mercantilism, the government should
regulate economic activity to promote the nation's power
Carolina grew slowly until planters discovered what staple crop?
rice
The West Indies produced this increasingly popular product enjoyed by both North American colonists and Indians.
rum