Midterm 1

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This chief crop produced by Western Hemisphere slaves during the eighteenth century was also the first to be mass-marketed to consumers in Europe.

sugar

What did the 1766 Declaratory Act declare?

that Parliament had the power to pass laws for all of the colonies "in all cases whatever"

British success in the Seven Years' War contributed to the making of the American Revolution because

the British government raised taxes to pay for the debt it incurred during the war

The movement that sought to apply the scientific method of careful investigation based on research and experiment to politics and social life was called

the Enlightenment

It can be argued that conflict between the English settlers and local Indians in Virginia became inevitable when:

the Native Americans realized that England wanted to establish a permanent and constantly expanding colony, not just a trading post

The effect of the Enlightenment on religion resulted in

the adoption of the concept of deism

In the mid-eighteenth-century colonies, this area of settlement was the most rapidly growing region in North America.

the backcountry

The significance of the Pequot War of 1637 was that:

the brutishness and ferocity of the colonists surprised New England tribes

Following the Seven Years' War, what factor led to a loss of power for Native American tribes in eastern North America?

the departure of the French

The primary goal of fifteenth-century Portuguese expansion was

the establishment of a trading empire in Asia

Which of the following was an effect of Bacon's Rebellion

the increased use of African slaves

Why did news of the 1492 voyage of Columbus spread rapidly in Europe?

the invention of printing with movable type

A central element in the definition of English liberty was:

the right to a trial by jury

Which of the following was a feature of the 1774 Intolerable Acts?

the suppression of town meetings and local elections

When comparing the Chesapeake colonies to the New England settlements:

there were more indentured servants in the Chesapeake region

Despite China's growing territorial power, their purpose in exploration was

to impress other world peoples with their might

As leader of the Jamestown Colony, John Smith:

used rigorous military discipline to hold the colony together

What was the source of an increase in Native American tribal unity in the late 1700s?

violence directed against Indian people by white American soldiers and settlers

When colonists insisted that because they were not represented in Parliament they could not be taxed by the British government, the British replied that they were represented by

virtual representation

The "Sacred Experiment" carried out near present-day San Diego

was launched by the Spanish to take control and prevent occupation by foreigners

The Albany Plan of Union

was the attempt to create a council composed of delegates from each colony to levy taxes and settle domestic issues

Committees of Correspondence in the colonies during the 1760s

were a group of colonial elites who exchanged ideas and information about resistance to the Sugar, Currency, and Stamp Acts

Most seventeenth-century migrants to North America from England:

were lower-class men

The Great Awakening occurred because many ministers were concerned with

westward expansion

The first African slaves were shipped to the New World in what year?

1502

The final decisive victory in the War for Independence was

Cornwallis's defeat at Yorktown

When comparing English colonies to Spanish ones:

England sent more people to the Americas in the seventeenth century

T/F: "Racism"--the idea that some races are inherently superior to others and entitled to rule over them--was fully developed in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.

False

T/F: A strong immunity to European diseases strengthened Indian resistance to the conquistadores.

False

T/F: After 1667, the Virginia House of Burgesses held that Christians could not enslave other Christians.

False

T/F: In the late seventeenth century, the Iroquois were known for their fierce hatred and courageous fighting against British colonists.

False

T/F: Most colonies allowed Catholics and Jews to vote and hold public office.

False

T/F:Most European men in the 1500s owned property and could vote.

False

The phrase "freedom of speech" originated in colonial America.

False

Huguenots who settled in the American colonies came from

France

How did Cortés conquer the Aztecs?

He relied on iron weapons and gun powder

What was Puritan leader and Massachusetts Bay governor John Winthrop's attitude toward liberty?

He saw two kinds of liberty: natural liberty, the ability to do evil, and moral liberty, the ability to do good

What role did the "enclosure" movement play in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England?

It created a crisis where many people had no way to make a living

What was a key difference between indentured servants from England and slaves from Africa?

Most indentured servants voluntarily came to the colonies

Why did the Pueblo Revolt take place?

Native Americans in New Mexico grew resentful of Spanish colonization

Benjamin Franklin was particularly disturbed by the immigration of German people into

Pennsylvania

The colony founded by a leader who hoped women and blacks would be given equality along with all persons was

Pennsylvania

In the mid-eighteenth century, colonial America's leading commercial port and cultural center was

Philadelphia

In 1762, the Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched a revolt against British rule called

Pontiac's Rebellion

Eighteenth-century migrants included Scottish and Scotch-Irish, who were mostly

Presbyterians

Which of the following is true regarding the aftermath of King Philip's War?

Puritans sold Indian children from the warring tribes into slavery

Which of the following is true regarding the Middle Passage?

Ship captains sometimes threw slaves overboard, especially when they were sick

The richest group of mainland colonists were

South Carolina planters

Bartolomé de Las Casas in A Very Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies in 1552 argued that

Spanish people burned Native American children alive

What did Mary Rowlandson's book demonstrate?

The strong pull of being part of the Puritan society

How did most Puritans view the separation of church and state?

They allowed church and state to be interconnected by requiring each town to establish a church and levy a tax to support the minister

Which of the following is true regarding free blacks (such as Anthony Johnson) in Virginia and Maryland in the 1600s?

They could sue or testify in court

What was Virginia's "gold," which ensured its survival and prosperity?

Tobacco

Britons and colonists tended to regard themselves as the freest people in the world.

True

T/F: By 1750, the Virginian population recognized "white" and "free" as virtually identical.

True

T/F: By 1775, three-fifths of the English owned no land, but about two-thirds of the free male colonists in British North America owned land.

True

T/F: Colonial political offices frequently passed from generation to generation within the same family.

True

T/F: During the first half of the eighteenth century, the flow of non-English migrants to British North America was larger than that of English migrants.

True

T/F: Every European empire in the New World utilized slave labor and battled for control of the slave trade.

True

T/F: In the Walking Purchase of 1737, the Lenni Lenape Indians of Pennsylvania lost more land when Governor James Logan hired a team of runners to mark off the amount of land "a man could walk" in thirty-six hours.

True

T/F: Most Indian tribes were matrilineal

True

T/F: Tituba, one of the people accused of being a witch in Salem, was originally an Indian from the Caribbean who, in 1692, was a slave in Massachusetts.

True

T/F: Under the seventeenth-century British Navigation Acts, certain goods produced in the colonies had to be transported in English ships and sold in ports in England.

True

T/F:Africans enslaved other Africans long before the arrival of European traders.

True

T/F:On the eve of colonization of the Americas, freedom in Europe was framed in hierarchical, top-down terms, with each level of society enjoying its own degree of freedom.

True

In Jonathan Edwards's view, what was a sinner's only hope in life?

a "new birth" in which they became devout Christians

The Mayflower Compact established:

a civil government for Plymouth Colony

The Carolina "Regulators" of the mid-1760s were

a group of wealthy residents of the backcountry who protested the lack of courts and lack of representation in the colonial governance

Under the Dutch in North America, "half freedom" referred to

a labor and land relationship with enslaved Africans

One significant consequence of the Glorious Revolution for the American colonies was

a renewed sense of entitlement to political liberty for Anglican Protestants

In the Salem witch trials of 1692,

almost 150 people, mostly women, were accused of witchcraft

A "praying Indian" was the term for

an Indian who converted to Christianity

Prior to being taken over by the English in 1664, New York was

called New Netherland and controlled by the Dutch empire

During the eighteenth century, more than half the Africans shipped to the New World as slaves were

carried on British vessels

In the seventeenth century, New England's economy:

centered on family farms and also involved the export of fish and timber

Anne Hutchinson's trial demonstrated that:

church elders lacked tolerance

Many British saw the colonists of British North America as religious dissidents, impoverished servants, and

convicts

Adding to Congress's formal declaration, the Declaration of Independence

declared the United States independent of British rule

Thomas Paine's January 1776 pamphlet Common Sense argued that

democracy and a written constitution were more preferable to monarchy

Women in Dutch settlements

enjoyed more independence than in other colonies

A major blow in the relationship between the British and colonists occurred when Lord Dunmore proclaimed

escaped African slaves who took up arms for the king of England would be freed

The Glorious Revolution

established parliamentary supremacy once and for all

The trial of John Peter Zenger involved the issue of

freedom of press

Which of the following was a major cause of Bacon's Rebellion?

frustration over high taxes and diminishing availability of land

The Half-Way Covenant of 1662 addressed:

generational conflicts

The European practice of "coverture" included that

in marriage, a wife surrendered her legal identity

The Virginia Company can be called a failure primarily because:

it ultimately did not make money

Following the Proclamation of 1763,

its ordinances were ignored and officials covered their involvement in land grabs

Compared to the Chesapeake colonies, New England had more economic equality because it had more:

landowners

The Native American leader Powhatan:

managed to consolidate control over some thirty nearby tribes

Native American religious beliefs and practices included

medicine men in positions of authority

A "borderland" is a

meeting place of peoples where geographic and cultural borders are not clearly defined

Under the ideals of liberalism, the "social contract" exhorted that

men retain their natural rights because these rights predated the establishment of political authority

At the time of first contact between Europeans and Native Americans, Native Americans had not developed

metal tools and machine

As a result of the Seven Years' War, a large number of French residents in Nova Scotia

moved to Louisiana, where their descendants came to be known as Cajuns

Who were the mestizos in the Americas?

persons of mixed Spanish and Indian origin

Because French and Dutch settlements were more dependent on Indians as trading partners and allies than the English, Native Americans exercised more

power and freedom with Europeans in relations with these settlements

In the prevailing theory of mercantilism, the government should

regulate economic activity to promote the nation's power

Carolina grew slowly until planters discovered what staple crop?

rice

The West Indies produced this increasingly popular product enjoyed by both North American colonists and Indians.

rum


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