Chapter 20 Human Anatomy

9) Composition of the plasma and the interstitial fluid differs chiefly in the concentration of A) dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide. B) sodium ions. C) glucose and other sugars. D) water. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide.

6) Which of the following lab values is in the normal range for adults? A) 6—9 liters of blood B) blood pH 6—6.5 C) blood temperature about 100—100.5 degrees D) 2—3 million cells per milliliter E) None of the answers are correct.

C) blood temperature about 100—100.5 degrees

46) A condition related to the insufficient production of clotting factors is known as A) iron-deficient anemia. B) polycythemia. C) embolitis. D) hemolytic disease of the newborn. E) hemophilia.

E) hemophilia.

Monocytes become polymorphonucleocytes.

FALSE

Leukocytes without visible granular inclusions in their cytoplasm are called ________.

agranulocytes

Red blood cells are formed by the process of ________.

erythropoiesis

Blood cells and cell fragments that are suspended in the plasma are called ________.

formed elements

Separation of whole blood into components for clinical purposes is called ________.

fractionation

The ________ indicates the percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements.

hematocrit

Blood stem cells are called ________.

hematopoietic stem cells or hemocytoblasts

Each globular protein subunit of hemoglobin contains a molecule of ________, which holds an iron ion to bind to oxygen.

heme

The process of blood cell formation is called ________.

hemopoiesis

The loss of blood through the walls of damaged vessels is prevented by the process of ________.

hemostasis

The metal that is part of hemoglobin structure is ________.

iron

Monocytes are in circulation for a few days before entering the peripheral tissues, where they become free ________.

macrophages

The cytoplasm of the red bloods cells are void of energy producing ________.

mitochondria

Platelets are capable of shrinking after the formation of a blood clot because they contain molecules of actin and ________.

myosin

In terms of organelles, an obvious difference between an erythrocyte and a leukocyte viewed with a light microscope is that the erythrocyte lacks a ________.

nucleus

In the adult, red blood cells are produced in areas of the ________.

red bone marrow

Flattened stacks of erythrocytes that pass through a blood vessel are called ________.

rouleaux

41) Which of the following statements is true? A) All lymphocytes are leukocytes. B) All leukocytes are lymphocytes. C) Basophils are agranulocytes. D) Monocytes are granulocytes. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) All lymphocytes are leukocytes.

18) Besides transporting respiratory gases, what other functions are performed by erythrocytes? A) None; transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide is their only function. B) They participate in the immune response with white blood cells. C) They carry antigens to the peripheral tissues. D) They assist in phagocytizing foreign pathogens. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) None; transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide is their only function.

40) What blood cell type is activated in response to a damaged blood vessel? A) basophils B) neutrophils C) lymphocytes D) monocytes E) None of the answers are correct.

A) basophils

54) The hormone erythropoietin is produced and secreted A) during hypoxic conditions. B) by the spleen. C) by the bone marrow. D) in response to stimulation of the rate of cell division in erythroblasts. E) by shifting of production away from making stem cells.

A) during hypoxic conditions.

32) A round cell with distinct bright orange-red granules is called a(n) A) eosinophil. B) agranulocyte. C) basophil. D) lymphocyte. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) eosinophil.

48) Progenitor cells form A) only specific types of blood cells. B) all the different types of blood cells. C) hematopoietic stem cells. D) stem cells. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) only specific types of blood cells.

7) The plasma of the blood contains about 7% A) plasma proteins. B) red blood cells. C) white blood cells. D) platelets. E) All of the answers are correct.

A) plasma proteins.

44) Platelets can initiate the clotting process by A) releasing enzymes and other factors at the appropriate times. B) attracting white blood cells to the site of the injury or infection. C) breaking down cellular debris by phagocytosis. D) coagulating plasma proteins and cellular debris into a plug. E) None of the answers are correct.

A) releasing enzymes and other factors at the appropriate times.

Lymphocytes known as ________ differentiate into plasmocytes, which secrete antibodies that attack foreign cells or proteins in distant portions of the body.

B cells

19) Which of the following is not a reason for erythrocytes' flattened "doughnut" shape? A) It increases the surface area available for gas diffusion. B) It allows them to fit together with leukocytes to facilitate the transport of both. C) It allows them to "stack" together to pass through small blood vessels more efficiently. D) It gives them flexibility so that they can pass through the circulation more easily. E) It allows the minimum distance for diffusion of gases.

B) It allows them to fit together with leukocytes to facilitate the transport of both.

35) Eosinophils A) represent up to 70 percent of the white blood cell population. B) are phagocytic cells. C) are among the largest of the white blood cells. D) are agranular leukocytes. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) are phagocytic cells.

34) The white blood cells that contain granules with histamine are called A) eosinophils. B) basophils. C) neutrophils. D) erythrocytes. E) lymphocytes.

B) basophils.

38) The process of moving toward an area due to chemical signals is called A) DIFF. B) chemotaxis. C) diapedesis. D) phagocytosis. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) chemotaxis.

11) The class of protein involved in clotting is (the) A) albumins. B) fibrinogens. C) globulins. D) transport globulins. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) fibrinogens.

29) A sample of damaged tissue indicated the presence of eosinophils. This finding signifies that the tissue is A) normal. B) infected by parasites. C) inflamed. D) being rejected. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) infected by parasites.

31) The leukocyte with small granules that stain with both types of stain is the A) leukocyte. B) neutrophil. C) basophil. D) eosinophil. E) None of the answers are correct.

B) neutrophil.

10) The major differences between plasma and interstitial fluid include A) plasma has much lower protein levels. B) plasma has a much higher protein concentration. C) plasma oxygen levels are lower than those of interstitial fluid. D) plasma has very different potassium ion concentrations. E) plasma has very different sodium ion concentrations.

B) plasma has a much higher protein concentration.

2) Blood assists in defending the body against toxins and pathogens by A) warming the tissues immediately surrounding injury sites. B) transporting white blood cells to injury or infection sites. C) increasing the swelling of injured tissues. D) decreasing the pH of injured or infected tissues. E) All of the answers are correct.

B) transporting white blood cells to injury or infection sites.

28) The blood type that could be given to anyone without the risk of a cross reaction is A) A. B) B. C) O. D) Rh+. E) AB.

C) O.

20) Why is oxygen able to diffuse out of the bloodstream and into the peripheral tissues passively? A) Oxygen has the unique ability to diffuse in or out of any tissue at any time. B) There is a higher concentration of oxygen in the tissues than in the bloodstream. C) There is a lower concentration of oxygen in the tissues than in the bloodstream. D) The plasma has higher quantities of dissolved proteins. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) There is a lower concentration of oxygen in the tissues than in the bloodstream.

42) Which of the following is(are) true of leukocytes? A) They have very long life spans. B) They are mostly located in the bloodstream, which they use as a rapid means of transport to peripheral tissues. C) They are attracted to the specific chemical stimuli emitted by invading pathogens, damaged tissues, and other white blood cells. D) They enter peripheral tissues through the openings in fenestrated capillaries. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) They are attracted to the specific chemical stimuli emitted by invading pathogens, damaged tissues, and other white blood cells.

37) To find out the amount of each type of leukocyte it is necessary to do A) a complete blood count (CBC). B) a lymphocyte count. C) a differential count. D) an RBC count. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) a differential count.

25) Surface antigens are A) agglutinins. B) antibodies. C) agglutinogens. D) immunoglobulins. E) All of the answers are correct.

C) agglutinogens.

33) Which is the least common type of white blood cell? A) neutrophil B) eosinophil C) basophil D) monocyte E) lymphocyte

C) basophil

1) What type of tissue is blood? A) muscle tissue B) nervous tissue C) connective tissue D) epithelial tissue E) Blood does not fit into any of the typical categories.

C) connective tissue

47) During development, some embryonic blood cells A) appear during the eighth week of development. B) move out of the peripheral tissues and into circulation. C) differentiate into stem cells. D) enter the circulation to differentiate further. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) differentiate into stem cells.

17) The molecule that binds oxygen contains globin proteins with four attached A) oxygens. B) acids. C) heme groups. D) iron ions. E) fibrinogens.

C) heme groups.

27) The administration of antibodies to a pregnant women with Rh- blood is used to prevent A) agglutination. B) antibody reactions. C) hemolytic disease of the newborn. D) a transfusion reaction. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) hemolytic disease of the newborn.

3) Plasma proteins that are important in body defense are the A) clotting proteins. B) fibrinogens. C) immunoglobulins. D) albumins. E) metalloproteins.

C) immunoglobulins.

12) Plasma protein attached to cholesterol is a form of A) albumin. B) fibrinogen. C) lipoprotein. D) globulin. E) carbohydrate.

C) lipoprotein.

39) Macrophages, Langerhans cells, and microglia are types of A) lymphocytes. B) neutrophils. C) monocytes. D) eosinophils. E) RBCs.

C) monocytes.

43) Which of the following formed element is required for hemostasis? A) lymphocyte B) neutrophil C) platelets D) basophils E) All of the answers are correct.

C) platelets

23) The blood type of an individual is determined at the cellular level by A) the sex of the individual. B) the metabolic rate of the individual. C) the presence or absence of specific components in the erythrocyte plasmalemmas. D) the age and physical condition of the individual. E) None of the answers are correct.

C) the presence or absence of specific components in the erythrocyte plasmalemmas.

50) For erythropoiesis to proceed normally, the progenitor cells must receive adequate supplies of which of the following? (1) amino acids (2) calcium (3) iron (4) vitamin B12 (5) vitamin K (6) vitamin A A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 B) 2, 4, 6 C) 1, 3, 5 D) 1, 3, 4 E) 2, 3, 5, 6

D) 1, 3, 4

8) Which of the following would be classified as hypervolemic for the average adult male? A) 6 liters B) 3 liters C) pH = 6 D) 8 liters E) pH = 8

D) 8 liters

14) ________ exists when the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced. A) Polycythemia B) Hypovolemia C) Hypervolemia D) Anemia E) Reduced viscosity

D) Anemia

24) When an agglutinin meets its specific agglutinogen, what will occur? A) These cell elements cause the cells to repel one another, thus spacing themselves out in the blood. B) The blood type will change from that of the agglutinin to that of the agglutinogen. C) A cross-matching will occur. D) The blood cells will clump together in a process called agglutination. E) The agglutinin will bind to the agglutinogen.

D) The blood cells will clump together in a process called agglutination.

36) Lymphocytes A) are an abnormal finding in blood. B) are slightly smaller than red blood cells. C) make up 50—60 percent of the white blood cell population. D) are responsible for specific immunity. E) are produced only upon demand.

D) are responsible for specific immunity.

22) A low red cell count could cause which of the following problems? A) impaired immune response B) inefficient toxin removal from the tissues C) a reduced rate of diapedesis D) diminished transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide E) All of the answers are correct.

D) diminished transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

13) What formed element in the blood is flattened and circular, lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes, and is red in color because of the presence of hemoglobin? A) eosinophil B) basophil C) lymphocyte D) erythrocyte E) platelet

D) erythrocyte

53) Myeloid stem cells produce all of the following formed elements except: A) erythrocytes. B) platelets. C) basophils. D) lymphocytes. E) monocytes.

D) lymphocytes.

15) An elevated hematocrit constitutes what condition? A) hypovolemia B) hypervolemia C) anemia D) polycythemia E) rouleaux

D) polycythemia

5) Formed elements include which of the following? A) water B) immunoglobulins C) proteins D) red blood cells E) None of the answers are correct.

D) red blood cells

49) Slightly less than one percent of the RBC population are (the) A) erythroblasts. B) mature RBCs. C) proerythroblasts. D) reticulocytes. E) None of the answers are correct.

D) reticulocytes.

26) Rh antigen is also called A) anti-A. B) the A agglutinin. C) the B agglutinin. D) the D agglutinogen. E) the R factor.

D) the D agglutinogen.

21) Which of the following prevents an erythrocyte from using the oxygen it carries? A) the lack of a nucleus B) a biconcave shape C) the presence of hemoglobin D) the lack of mitochondria E) None of the answers are correct.

D) the lack of mitochondria

4) Compared to water, whole blood is A) sticky. B) resistant to flow. C) cohesive. D) about five times more viscous. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

45) Megakaryocytes produce A) proteins. B) enzymes. C) membranes. D) platelets. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

51) Development of lymphocytes involves (the) A) thymus. B) bone marrow. C) colony-stimulating factors. D) lymph nodes. E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

52) Which of the following are produced in the bone marrow? A) myeloid stem cells B) granulocytes C) monocytes D) basophils E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct.

16) Which blood cell lacks a nucleus? A) megakaryocyte B) basophil C) monocyte D) lymphocyte E) erythrocyte

E) erythrocyte

30) A round cell whose nucleus resembles a string of beads is a(n) A) eosinophil. B) RBC. C) macrophage. D) monocyte. E) neutrophil.

E) neutrophil.

Neutrophils are the most abundant formed elements in the blood.

FALSE

Platelets are components of the immune system.

FALSE

The matrix of the blood, which has a density only slightly greater than water is called serum.

FALSE

A person who is Rh-positive has the ________ on his or her red blood cells.

Rh antigen, agglutinogen, Rh factor, or D antigen

Basophils contain histamine granules.

TRUE

Blood cells and blood cell components suspended in the matrix are collectively called the formed elements.Q

TRUE

Eosinophils are useful against parasitic infections.

TRUE

Lymphocytes include the B and T cells.

TRUE

Neutrophils are the most numerous leukocytes.

TRUE

Small packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes and factors important in blood clotting are called platelets.

TRUE

Roughly 60 percent of plasma proteins are composed of ________.

albumins

A person with Type A blood will carry ________ agglutinins.

anti-B

Throughout the body, compounds known as ________ enable the bloodstream to deal with the acids generated by the tissues, such as lactic acid generated by the muscles.

buffers

The waste gas taken away from all cells of the body by the blood is ________.

carbon dioxide

A leukocyte can migrate across a capillary wall by squeezing between adjacent endothelial cells, in a process known as ________.

diapedesis

Acidophils are so named because their granules stain darkly with ________, an acidic red dye.

eosin

The fluid portion of the blood is ______.

plasma

Solutions that can be used to increase blood volume temporarily are called ________.

plasma expanders

In the case of severe blood loss, additional sites in which red blood cells can be formed arise because ________ can change into red bone marrow.

yellow bone marrow