Chapter 21
When was the UK established?
1707
Stamp Act
1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.
Who was Maria Winkelmann?
German astronomer who discovered a comet
Who is the founder of modern chemistry?
Lavosier
When did Prussia take territory from Austria?
Once Maria Theresa became Empress
How did Locke's and Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals?
They believed that society could do better
Copernicus argued that the planets revolved around the earth.
True
Great Britain passed the Stamp Act in order to collect _________________ from the colonies.
revenue
Francis Bacon believed that scientists should
use reasoning
The _________________ of Confederation created an excessively _______________ central government.
weak, articles
When was the French India defeated by the British?
1763
In _______________, the Treaty of Paris recognized the colonies' independence.
1783
What did the leaders of North America not want?
A strong central government
Who wrote The Wealth of the Nations?
Adam Smith
Who did Middle Age philosophers rely on for the knowledge?
Aristotle
The states later approved ten _________________________ to the Constitution, known as the ____________________________.
Bill of Rights, amendments
The Great War for Empire, fought between _______________ and France, took place in _______________ and North America.
Britain, India
When and who did Washington defeat at Yorktown?
Cornwallis, 1781
Where was the Seven Years War fought?
Europe, Asia, and North America
Copernicus's, Kepler's, and Galileo's theories were important because they all contributed to proving that the universe was centered around the earth
False
Who developed the scientific method?
Francis Bacon
____________________________ was the commander in chief of the Continental Army.
George Washington
Who was William Harvey?
He explained the purpose of the heart.
Who was Galileo?
He was an Italian scientist who use a telescope to observe the heavens.
Who discovered the universal law of gravitation?
Isaac Newton
Who were two enlightened composers?
Joseph Haydn and Wolfgan Amadeus Mozart
Austria's _________________ implemented radical reforms; he abolished __________________ and eliminated the death penalty.
Jospeh II, serfdom
Frederick II
King of Prussia; he abolished torture (except for treason and murder cases, he granted limited freedom of speech, press, and religion, and he kept the serfdom in place.
The Treaty of _______________ was signed in 1763 and left control of India to the __________________.
Paris, British
Who wrote the phrase, "I think, therefore I am
Renee Descarter
Catherine the Great
Ruled Russia; was educated in Germany and embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment. She didn't attempt large scale reforms since her power was dependent on the support of her nobles.
British leaders imiposed new taxes on the colonies in order to pay for the cost of the ________ ____________ ____________.
Seven Years War
Where was Earth in Ptolemy's conceptions of the universe?
The Earth was the center of the universe
Where was Earth in Copernicus's conceptions of the universe?
The Sun was the center of the universe
Where was Heaven located on the Ptolemy model?
The edge of the universe
How did Galileo revolutionize the field of astronomy?
The heavenly bodies were not orbs of light but stars and planets.
According to The Wealth of Nations, what were the tree main functions of government?
To protect from invasion, to perform public works, to defend from injustice
Kepler was a mathematician who showed that the orbits of the planets were elliptical.
True
How did the Seven Years War end?
With Prussia keeping Silesia
The British ended the war after their defeat at _______________________ in 1781.
Yorktown
In the system of enlightened _____________________, rulers tried to follow Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal __________________.
absolutism, powers
Both Frederick William I and Frederick II stressed service to the _______________ and enlarged the Prussian _______________.
army, king
Eighteenth-century rulers' concern with the __________________ of power among states led them to use their armies to conquer new lands.
balance
The colonies feared a strong ___________________________________.
central government
Although most European rulers embraced the enlightenment in theory, most....
did not use it to govern their subjects.
Using _______________________ ideas, the government was separated into three branches: executive, legislative, and _________________.
judicial, Montesquieu's
How does Rousseau's The Social Contract describe liberty?
society agrees to be governed by general will
After the Seven Years' War, Britain imposed the _______________________ and other taxes in an effort to cover its expenses.
stamp
The Church attacked Galileo because he defended the system that said the ____________ revolved around the sun
the Earth and other planets.
Which of the following made it possible for scientists to practice direct observation?
the telescope and microscope
When did King George take the throne?
1714
When did the British Empire acquire Canada?
1757
When did the British defeat the French in North America?
1763
What was the first consitution?
Articles of Confederation
Maria Theresa
Empress of the Austrian empire (1740). She tried to centralize the government and improve the conditions for the serfs.
Support from _______________, _______________, and the Dutch Republic helped the colonists win the American Revolution.
France, Spain
Who was Andreas Vesalius?
He accurately described human anatomy.
Who was John Kepler?
He was a German mathematician who developed the law of planetary movement.
How did Renaissance intellectuals view mathematics?
It was a a key subject
What made the rococo style of art different from the earlier baroque style?
It was secular, emphasized grace and charm
The Bill of Rights derived from the concept of ____________________ rights proposed by _____________________ and the eighteenth-century philosophes.
John Lock, natural
Under the treaty, England gained control of _______________, Spanish Florida, and all lands east of the Mississippi. Spain acquired the __________________ territory.
Louisiana, Canada
Which three philosophes were most important in the first half of the eighteenth century?
Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot
The War of the Austrian __________________ took place in Europe, Asia, and ___________________.
North America, succession
Joseph II
Ruled the Austrian Empire; abolished the serfdom and the death penalty, he encourage religious freedom and legal reforms, and his successors undid most of his reforms.
How did new technology such as the telescope and new theories such as Pascal's Law lay the foundation of the Scientific Revolution?
Scientists used them to create more new inventions and theories.
Who was Margaret Cavendish?
She wrote a number of works on scientific matters, including Observations upon Expirimental Philosophy, and Grounds of Natural Philosophy.
In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed, which guaranteed that all _____________________ would return to their original powers, except ________________, which remained in the hands of Prussia.
Silesia, territories
The enlightened absolutists were guided mostly by their interest in the power and welfare of their _______________.
State
Newton's universal law of gravitation was important because it could explain all the movement in the universe.
True
George Washington was commander in chief of the __________________________ Army
continental
What did the first ten amendments of the bill of rights guarantee?
freedom of speech, freedom to petition, and the freedom to assembly, right to bear arms, and protection from unreasonable search and arrests.
The U.S. Constitution outlined a federal system with these three branches of government: _________________, _________________, and __________________.
judicial, executive, legislative
The British colonies in North America each had a ________________________ that tended to act independently.
legistature
In order to please the Russian ___________________, Catherine did not enact reform; she took strong measures against Russian ___________________, and their conditions worsened.
peasants, nobility
On July 4, 1776, the _______________ Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence.
second
Many intellectuals of the 1500s and 1600s did not take Margaret Cavendish's work seriously because...
she was a woman
__________________ the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762 to _______________, knew the works of the Enlightenment philosophes.
Catherine, 1796
Who was Copernicus?
He was a Polish mathematician who stated that the sun was the center of the universe, and that the earth rotated on a axis and that the moon circled the earth.
Who was Isaac Newton?
He was an English professor who discovered the universal law of gravity.
Two rivalries emerged: one between Britain and _______________ over colonial empires and another between Austria and __________________ over Silesia.
Prussia, France
Frederick Williams I
Prussian ruler who improved the efficiency of the bureaucracy, he doubled the size of his army by 1740 and civil servants and army officers had a strong sense of loyalty to him.
What did Prussia have that allowed us to defeat Austria, Russia, and Frace?
A well trained army
The ____________________________________ created a weak central government that did not have the power to solve the country's problems.
Articles of Confederation
What were the two alliances that were a result of the diplomatic revolution?
(France, Austria, Russia) (Britain, Prussia)
Fighting between colonists and the British army began in April _______________.
1775
When did fighting erupt in Lexington and Concord?
1775
Why did Descartes decide to set aside everything that he had learned and begin again?
He doubted everything he had learned.
Who was Blaise Pascal?
He explained how liquids behave under pressure.
Who as Robert Boyle?
He explained how the volume of gas changes under pressure.
What two reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights?
Men's power over women was wrong, and since women can reason they should have equal rights.
What instruments made scientific discoveries possible and helped ideas spread quickly?
Telescope, Printing Press, and Microscope
The Church attacked Galileo because he defended the system that said the earth revolved around the sun.
True