Chapter 21: Orthopedic Surgery; Short Answer: Anatomy; Fill in the Blank: Physiology Related to Surgery

Identify five types of diarthrosis joints and give an example of each.

1) Ball and socket, example: shoulder joint 2) Hinge, example: elbow joint 3) Pivot, example: joint formed at proximal end of the radius 4) Gliding, example: carpals of the wrist joint 5) Saddle, example: joint formed by trapezium of the wrist with the metacarpal of the thumb

Identify two types of amphiarthrosis joints.

1) Cartilage that connects vertebrae 2) Disk of cartilage called the symphysis pubis that connects the pubic bones

Describe the five stages of osteogenesis.

1) Inflammation: Begins at time of injury and lasts approximately 2 days. A fracture hematoma is formed. 2) Cellular Proliferation: Begins on the second day; macrophages debride the area and allow for the formation of a fibrin mesh that seals the approximated edges of the fractured site. 3) Callus Formation: Lasts 3-4 weeks; soft tissue growth continues fibrous tissue cartilage and immature bone stabilizes the site. 4) Ossification: Begins 2 or 3 weeks following injury; can last 3-4 months. Firms the united bones. 5) Remodeling: Maintenence state of normal bone; new bone is organized to provide maximum support and function.

The hormone ________ from the ______ gland activates _______ to build more osteocytes when the _______ level is stable.

Calcitonin; Thyroid; Osteoblasts; Calcium

What is the alternate name for diarthrosis joints?

Synovial joints

Why is exercise important for bone formation?

Bones are meant to bear normal weight and stress, bones lose calcium at a more rapid rate than it is replaced. Without it bones become brittle and easily breakable. Walking is an example of sufficient exercise to maintain the density of bone.

Define hematopoietic tissue. Where can you find this type of tissue?

Arise from hematopoietic stem cells and give rise to RBC's, WBC's, and platelets. Found in bone marrow; responsible for the formation of blood and blood cells.

The ______ are stimulated by the _______ ______, to dissolve bone and release _______ into the vascular system for important functions such as the actions of muscle.

Osteoclasts; Parathyroid gland; Calcium

Which sesamoid bone is found in the knee?

Patella