Chapter 21 Revolutions and Nation Building, 1848-1871

Magyarization

Magyar refers to hungarian. Lajos Kossuth lobbys for a separate hungarian parliament. They are a culture distinct from the Hapsburg lands.

Revolution of 1848

Many revolutions in 1848. Reformers wanted representative government, end to privilege, economic development etc. They were pushed by economic crisis, political grievances, and social antagonism. (think hungry '40s) Sought some form of national unity. France, Italy, Germany, Austria, and Hungary face revolution in 1848.

Bismarck

Minister-president of Prussia when the King and parliament where clashing. Born to land-owning, conservative aristocrats. Opposed the liberal movement of 1848-1849. Was not a nationalist, defied parliamentary opposition. Fights Austria and wins. Austria had to give up a lot of territory to Bismarck and the Prussians. Created North German Confederation.

Louis Napoleon

Nephew of Bonaparte, elected to president. Gained support of Catholics by restoring the Church to running schools and rescuing the pope from revolutionaries. Banned radical activities, workers' associations, and suspended press freedoms. Called for plebiscite to allow him to change the constitution. Established a second empire in 1852, crowned himself Napoleon III.

Alexander II

Tsar of Russia, Emancipated the serfs in 1861 because he thought it contributed to their loss in the Crimean War.

Serfdom

Type of indentured servitude where workers are tied to the land and treated as part of the property. Abolished by Tsar Alexander II in 1861. Lives of the rural worker didn't actually change that much.

Compromise/Ausgleich

Up until 1866, Austria and Hungary were unusually linked. They had a common army, common taxation, and made foreign and military policy jointly. Francis Joseph was emperor of Austria and king of Hungary. After 1866 the Ausgleich let Hungary make their own constitution, their own capital, and their own legislature

nationalism

political ideal, based on the assumption that governments could only be legitimate if they reflected the character, history, and customs of the nation (the common people). undermines the assumptions of dynastic rulers and monarchs. between 1789 and 1848, nationalism was associated with liberalism

Frankfurt Parliament

An assembly made up of 800 elected delegates from all the German states on the issue of creating a unified Germany. Most were moderate liberals. Split over "Great Germany"- more states included, and "Small Germany"- fewer states included. Offered the Crown of the German Nation to the Prussian king, Frederick William IV.

Pan Slavism

Cultural sentiment felt by the slavic people, who found their culture infiltrated by the German Culture and in technically German Lands. Inspired by the works of Czech Historian and political leader Frantisek Palacky, Slovak Jan Kollar, and Polish Romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz.

Garibaldi

Led a popular Italian uprising. Led his troops from the kingdom of Sardinia through Sicily, toppled kingdom of Francis II. Came up against Camillo Cavour and lost. Italy becomes unified.