Chapter 21: Social Movements and Social Change

Motivational Farming

A call to action Example, In the gay marriage movement, a call to action might encourage you to vote "no" on Proposition 8 in California (a move to limit marriage to male-female couples), or conversely, to contact your local congressperson to express your viewpoint that marriage should be restricted to opposite-sex couples.

Valued-Added Theory

A functionalist perspective theory that posits that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur

Flash Mob

A large group of people who gather together in a spontaneous activity that lasts a limited amount of time

Mass

A relatively large group with a common interest, even if they may not be in close proximity Example, such as players of the popular Facebook game Farmville Remember that members of a mass share interests

Social Movement Organization

A single social movement group

Public

An unorganized, relatively diffuse group of people who share ideas Example, such as the Libertarian political party Members of a public share ideas.

Acting Crowds

Crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal Example, such as a protest movement or riot

Reform Movement

Movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure Examples, include anti-nuclear groups, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), and the Human Rights Campaign's advocacy for Marriage Equality

Alternative Movements

Social movements that limit themselves to self-improvement changes in individuals Examples, include trends like transcendental meditation or a macrobiotic diet.

Social Change

The change in a society created through social movements as well as through external factors like environmental shifts or technological innovations

Social Movement Industry

The collection of the social movement organizations that are striving toward similar goals

Modernization

The process that increases the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies

Emergent Norm Theory

A perspective that emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior Example, think about human behavior during Hurricane Katrina

New Social Movement Theory

Theory that attempts to explain the proliferation of postindustrial and postmodern movements that are difficult to understand using traditional social movement theories

Resource Mobilization Theory

Theory that explains social movements' success in terms of their ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals Example, PETA, a social movement organization, is in competition with Greenpeace and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), two other social movement organizations

Fame Alignment Process

Using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation as an ongoing and intentional means of recruiting participants to a movement

Expressive Crowds

Crowds who share opportunities to express emotions Example, funerals and weddings

Revolutionary Movement

Movements that seek to completely change every aspect of society Examples, include the 1960's counterculture movement, as well as anarchist collectives and Texas Secede

Religious/Redemptive Movements

Movements that work to promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals Example, include Heaven's Gate or the Branch Davidians

Conventional Crowds

People who come together for a regularly scheduled event Example, religious service

Resistance Movements

Those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure Example, The Ku Klux Klan and pro-life movements fall into this category

Crowd

When a fairly large number of people share close proximity Examples include a group of people attending an Ani DiFranco concert, tailgating at a Patriots game, or attending a worship service

Prognostic Framing

When social movements state a clear solution and a means of implementation Examples of this frame, when looking at the issue of marriage equality as framed by the anti-gay marriage movement, include the plan to restrict marriage to "one man/one woman" or to allow only "civil unions" instead of marriage

Diagnostic Framing

When the social problem is stated in a clear, easily understood manner Example, The anti-gay marriage movement is an example of diagnostic framing with its uncompromising insistence that marriage is only between a man and a woman.

Collective Behavior

A non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage Examples of collective behavior can include anything from a group of commuters traveling home from work to the trend toward adopting the Justin Bieber hair flip and flash mobs

Assembling Theory

A theory that credits individuals in crowds as behaving as rational thinkers and views crowds as engaging in purposeful behavior and collective action

Casual Crowds

People who share close proximity without really interacting Example, such as people standing in line at the post office

Social Movement

Purposeful, organized groups striving to work towards a common goal Example, Occupy Wall Street, PETA

Social Movement Sector

The multiple social movement industries in a society, even if they have widely varying constituents and goals