Chapter 22
hydrocarbon
an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen
saturated hydrocarbon
an organic compound formed only by carbon and hydrogen linked by single bonds
Compare structural and geometric isomers of organic compounds.
Geometric isomers are isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different, while structural isomers have different bonding orders.
Distinguish between structural and geometric isomers.
Geometrics isomers are isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different, while structural isomers are isomers in which the same atoms are bonded together in different orders.
Can a three-dimensional drawing or model be used to show differences between isomers?
Yes, as it can show the bonding arrangements of the atoms
fractional distillation
components of a mixture are separated on the basis of boiling point, by condensation of vapor in a fraction-ating column
Alkenes' basic structural features
contain double covalent bonds
Alkanes' basic structural features
contain only single bonds
Organic compounds
covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
geometric isomer
a compound that exists in two or more geometrically different configurations
structural formula
a formula that indicates the location of the atoms, groups, or ions relative to one another in a molecule and that indicates the number and location of chemical bonds
alkyl group
a group of atoms that forms when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane molecule
petroleum
a liquid mixture of complex hydrocarbon compounds; used widely as a fuel source
natural gas
a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons located under the surface of Earth, often near petroleum deposits; used as a fuel
Cycloalkane
a saturated carbon chain that forms a loop or a ring
Distinguish among the structures of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Alkanes contain only single bonds. Alkenes contain double covalent bonds. Alkynes contain triple covalent bonds. Aromatic hydrocarbons have six-membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons
What are three characteristics of carbon that contribute to the diversity of organic compounds?
Carbon can bind to itself, bind covalently to other electrons, and bind to itself and other elements in different arrangements.
Explain how the structure and bonding of carbon lead to the diversity and number of organic compounds.
Carbon's structure allows it to bind to itself to form chains and rings, to bind covalently to other elements, and to bind to itself and other elements in different arrangements.
Compare the use of molecular and structural formulas to represent organic compounds.
Molecular formulas are used to show the number and types of atoms present in a molecule; structural formulas indicate the number and types of atoms present in a molecule AND also show the bonding arrangement of the atoms
Can a molecular formula be used to show difference between isomers?
No; it merely shows the type and number of atoms bonded, not HOW they are bonded.
Can molecules that have molecular formulas C₄H₁₀ and C₄H₁₀O be isomers of one another? Why or why not?
No; they have different molecular formulas.
Can a structural formula be used to show differences between isomers?
Yes; it shows the bonding arrangements of the atoms as well as the number and types of atoms present in a molecule.
Relate properties of different types of hydrocarbons to their structures.
The number of structural isomers increases greatly as the number of carbon atoms in alkanes increases. Alkenes can have geometric isomers. Alkynes' triple bond requires that the simplest alkyne has two carbon atoms. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain carbon rings.
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons in which not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds
alkenes
hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds
aromatic hydrocarbons' basic structural features
hydrocarbons that have six-membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons
Alkynes' basic structural features
hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds
alkynes
hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds
Define the term isomer.
one of two or more compounds that have the same chemical composition but different structures
isomer
one of two or more compounds that have the same chemical composition but different structures
benzene
primary aromatic hydrocarbon
catenation
the covalent bonding of an element to itself to form chains or rings
structural isomer
two or more compounds that have the same number and kinds of atoms and the same molecular weight but that differ in the order in which the atoms are attached to one another