Chapter 22 - The Quest for Empire

Platt Amendment

1) Gives America right to go in and take over Cuba 2) America has the right to build naval bases in Cuba

Panama Canal

1850 - Clayton Bulwer Treaty gave joint control in Panama for a canal run by Britain and America. Then with the Hay Pauncefote Treaty, Britain gave all rights for the canal to America. $10 million, $250,000 per year for right - Colombia owned the land in Panama. America tells Panama to have a rebellion - rebels win against Colombia. America offers money for canal, Panama accepts. Roosevelt: "I just seized the canal."

Reasons for Spanish-American war

"Cause of humanity". Protection of US life and property. Injury to commerce, trade, and business. Destruction of the Maine.

American-Cuban economic interests

$50 million in American investments. 90% of Cuban sugar was exported to US. Havana moved some cigar factories to evade protectionist U.S. tariff laws.

Puerto Rico development

Puerto Rico first welcomed US over Spain, then grew disillusioned. U.S. military governor, Guy V, Henry hated Puerto Ricans. Some warned against "yankee peril," some loved the "Yankee model."

Seward's folly

Purchased Alaska - $72 million

What were the four main themes we discussed in the Zinn chapter?

Racism, big business profiting from war, unions, how graphic and violent war is

Root-Takahira Agreement

Washington recognized Japan's interests in Manchuria, Japan pledged security of US Pacific possessions and endorsed Open Door in China.

How many Americans died in the spanish american war?

379 Americans killed by combat - others die of disease: yellow fever, malaria, typhoid, dysentery

American Deaths in Spanish-American war

379 fell in combat, the rest of the 5.462 due to disease.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Often including military, economic, or political control.

Action in Cuba - June into July (Atlantic)

Admiral De Cervera brings boats from spain - looks like they're coming to America, scaring people - Attack in Cuba. De Cervera gets trapped and easily defeated by the American navy. Roosevelt and rough riders fight. Quick american victory.

Alfred T. Mahan

Advised presidents that America needed a modern, powerful, two ocean navy.

What was the leading industrial power on Earth leading up to the Spanish-American war?

America - Steel

Philippine Insurrection and Pacification

America brutally killed, tortured, and burnt crops. Filipinos used a type of guerrilla warfare. America variant of reconstruction camps - forced residents to live in designated zones in Batanga so as to separate from insurgents. Poor conditions led to ¼ of the population to die or flee. Insurrection suppressed in 1902. Battle of Bud Dajo Violent, independent, anti-Christian Muslim Filipinos of Moro province kept fighting until 1906, when Americans slaughtered 600 America tried to Americanize the Philippines, giving fruitful economy and education. Jones Act Promised independence for the Philippines whenever it established a "stable government."

Emilio Aguinaldo

America doesn't give the Philippines independence. Aguinaldo shifts from fighting with America to fighting against America. 3 year war - about 5,000 Americans killed. America properly subdues and conquers the Philippines. America modernizes and adds infrastructure.

Batanga

America variant of reconstruction camps - forced residents to live in designated zones in Batanga so as to separate from insurgents. Poor conditions led to ¼ of the population to die or flee.

Reannexation of Hawaii

America went away from Hawaii, only to return when it became strategic way station to Asia and Philippines during the Spanish-American war. Organic Act of June 1900 Hawaiian people became U.S. citizens -- could vote in local elections

Siege of Santiago de Cuba

America's first ground-war action in Spanish-American war. Laid siege to the city.

Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine

American ship sent for U.S. citizens in Cuba. Ship blows up, 266 killed. "To hell with Spain, remember the Maine!" Spain claims not to have blown it up. This was the last straw for America, however. America declared war on Spain.

Those against Seward

Anti-imperialism worked against Seward's wishes Godkin of The Nation argued that the country had too much unsettled land - take care of that first and then others would follow. Some annexation rejected due to racism.

Woodrow Wilson sent troops in twice

Avenge slight to the U.S. uniform and flag and overthrow President Victoriano Huerta's nationalistic government. Again to capture Pancho Villa after he raided an American border town - failed to capture him.

"Large Policy" and Senator Lodge

Belief that the american frontier had closed. New frontier was overseas, although Senator Lodge (coiner of the term). America expanded to Hawai'i and Cuba.

Hay Pauncefote Treaty

Britain gives all rights to America for Canal

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Britain permitted a U.S. run canal, wanting to stay friends and recognize their smaller influence in the region.

William H. Seward

Chief architect arguing for extension of American frontier New York senator, secretary of state Empire by gravitation towards the US, hurried by commerce Canals, transcontinental railroads, telegraphs

McKinley Tariff

Created economic crisis for Hawaii. Eliminated duty-free status of sugar exports in US. Because of economic chaos, Hawaii pressed for annexation to get rid of the duty.

Revolution in Cuba

Cuba revolted against Spain for independence. Slavery abolished - independence denied. America provided financial support for Cuba. Cubans admired American culture while resenting its economic hegemony. American-Cuban economic interests $50 million in American investments. 90% of Cuban sugar was exported to US. Havana moved some cigar factories to evade protectionist U.S. tariff laws. Wilson-Gorman Tariff Imposed duty on Cuban sugar Cuba in crisis, making the revolution go faster. José Martí launched revolution against Spain with devastating losses, both in lives and Cuban-American trade. "Reconcentration" camps Cubans herded into towns and camps where they died of hunger and disease. American yellow press sympathized with the insurrectionists. Camps got slightly better in Madrid, but insurgents gained ground.

"Reconcentration" camps

Cubans herded into towns and camps where they died of hunger and disease. American yellow press sympathized with the insurrectionists. Camps got slightly better in Madrid, but insurgents gained ground.

International Communications

Cyrus Field -- led efforts to establish an underwater transatlantic cable linking European and American telegraph networks. Telegraph lines to Latin America. Submarine cable reaching to Philippines, later reaching to Japan and China. Nellie Bly - New York World reporter who used new technology to travel around the world in 72 days. Events in other nations now had more of an impact American diplomats met with European counterparts on fairly equal terms - America arrived to an international stage.

The Teller Amendment

Disclaimed any .S. intention to annex Cuba or control the island except to ensure "pacification."

De Lome Incident

De Lome - Spanish diplomat in D.C. Wrote a private letter criticizing McKinley to another diplomat in Cuba. Called McKinley a "would-be politician," always changing his opinion. Somebody leaked this letter to the press, claiming the Spanish government was insulting McKinley. Lots of apologies from Spain, but they were not good enough for those who were pushing the war.

Anti-Imperialist League

Differed a lot on various issues -- couldn't voice one unified opinion. Never launched effective campaign. Had inconsistent opinions on different issues of imperialism. Very hard to do already established possession of Philippines.

Dollar Diplomacy

Dollar Diplomacy -- use of private funds to serve American diplomatic goals and garner profits for American financiers, also bringing reform to less-developed countries. Taft got American bankers to help build a railway in China -- only caused Japan to further control in China. Japan seized Shandong and Pacific islands in WWI. Japan's Twenty-One Demands -- insisted on hegemony over China. Chinese door for American trade were closed. Woodrow Wilson worried about how the "white race" could blunt the rise of "the yellow race."

Informal imperialism

Economic domination, political manipulation, threat of intervention

Open Door Policy

Equal trade opportunity. Instrument to pry markets open and then dominate them. America's domestic well-being required exports. Foreign trade would suffer interruption unless the United States intervened abroad to implant American principles and keep markets open. Closing any area to American products threatened survival of the United States.

New ways of boat production

First steel-hulled warships. From sail power to steam power. From wood construction to steel production. Boats often named after states and cities.

Dewey in the Philippines

First war news came from the Philippines, also seeking independence from Spain. Commodore Dewey's New Navy led American ships to Manila bay, absolutely destroying Spanish fleet. Spanish resistance dropped quickly, facing pressure from Americans and rebels in Philippines and Cuba. U.S. blockaded Spanish ports, Cuban insurgents cut off supplies. Siege of Santiago de Cuba America's first ground-war action in Spanish-American war. Laid siege to the city. Sank Spanish squadron in Santiago harbor, assaulted Puerto Rico to get Caribbean navy base. Madrid sued for peace.

Anglo-American Rapprochement

Flowering Anglo-American cooperation. Respect for representative government and private-property rights. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, London's endorsement of the Roosevelt Corollary, and withdrawal of British warships from the Caribbean. British people decried Americanization of British culture -- American culture very prominent. Still cooperated.

Foreign Trade Expansion

Foreign marketplace had huge American importance after the Civil War Commerce led to building larger navy, professionalization of foreign service, calls for more colonies, and interventionist foreign policy Europeans believed America was invading with its goods America finally began to export more than it imported, though payment balances were still in the red. Most products went to Britain, Canada, and continental Europe America was one of top four investor countries Agricultural goods: ⅔ of total exports in 1900 Grain, cotton, meat, and dairy products Over half of all cotton crops exported Cheese to britain, meat to Europe, lots of wheat cookbooks to Asia 1913 - great manufactured goods exports - outranked Great Britain and Germany Steel, copper, petroleum Farmers became dependent on foreign economy, and foreign manufacturers were dependent on american goods.

Foreign Policy

Foreign policy determined by "foreign policy elite" -- opinion leaders in various subjects. Called "the thoughtful men of the country" Believed U.S. prosperity and security depended on the exertion of U.S. influence abroad Would meet in Washington, D.C. and homes of Henry Adams and John Hay or Metropolitan Club. Theodore Roosevelt was among them Believed buying, selling, and investing in foreign marketplaces would benefit the US -- would help the country gain profits. Assuaged fears of overproduction, unemployment, economic depression, and social tension. Exported surpluses. "We are certain to be smothered in our own grease." ~ David A. Wells Economic ties also helped secure political influence and spread capitalism

Anti-Imperialist Arguments

Formal imperialism Military occupation, annexation, or colonialism Informal imperialism Economic domination, political manipulation, threat of intervention Many disgusted by taking over areas, saying the US was to "puke up its heritage." Many thought imperialism was corrupting the American mindset. Women's groups championed peace and an end to imperial conquest. Double standard: freeing cuba, controlling philippines. Racist argument that annexing people of color would undermine white supremacy. Feared newly annexed citizens would steal jobs. Anti-Imperialist League Differed a lot on various issues -- couldn't voice one unified opinion. Never launched effective campaign. Had inconsistent opinions on different issues of imperialism. Very hard to do already established possession of Philippines.

United Fruit Company

Formed by two large banana importers. Owned a lot of land in Central America as well as railroad and steamship lines. Became influential economic and political force. Worked to eradicate yellow fever and malaria, also manipulating politics.

Annexation Club

Formed by white oligarchy to oppose Queen Liliuokalani, who wanted to get rid of foreign influence. Pushed for annexation.

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Gave joint control in Panama for a canal - Britain and U.S.

Presidential Authority

Good foreign policy, knew that diplomacy and nonmilitary means were necessary to achieve satisfactory outcomes as well as other powers. Believed president and executive branch should be supreme in foreign policy. First focused efforts on Latin America and Europe, where political and military disputes led to America wanting to develop a friendship with Great Britain while avoiding the continent's troubles (blamed a lot on Germany). Huge increase in economic interests in Latin America. United Fruit Company Formed by two large banana importers. Owned a lot of land in Central America as well as railroad and steamship lines. Became influential economic and political force. Worked to eradicate yellow fever and malaria, also manipulating politics.

Seward's successes

Got France to abandon its puppet regime in Mexico. Bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Senate voted overwhelmingly for the treaty. Laid claim to Midway Islands.

Washington Treaty

Hamilton Fish (Seward's successor) negotiated with Great Britain about The Alabama vessels that preyed on Union shipping in the civil war. Britain apologized - agreed to create tribunal, giving the US $15.5 million.

Organic Act of June 1900

Hawaiian people became U.S. citizens -- could vote in local elections

Haole

Hawaiian term for foreigners, who Hawaiians believed were taking their country from them.

Remington incident

Hearst sent an artist - Remington - to sketch the brutal Cuban concentration camps to put in newspapers. Remington sees that it's not too bad. Hearst: "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."

Terms of Treaty of Paris

Independence for Cuba from Spain. Cession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States. American payment of $20 million to Spain for territories.

Wilson-Gorman Tariff

Imposed duty on Cuban sugar Cuba in crisis, making the revolution go faster.

Annexation of Hawai'i

Long commanded American attention - Americans wanted to have a path to Hawaii and then easier way to Chinese market. Already considered a part of the American system. America already subordinated Hawaiian wealth (¾) and duty-free sugar exports. Chinese and Japanese nationals outnumbered Americans. America established clubs and military units to contest royal government. Forced king to accept constitution letting foreigners vote -- shifted decision-making to legislature. Hawaii gave American naval rights to Pearl Harbor. Haole -- Hawaiian term for foreigners, who Hawaiians believed were taking their country from them. McKinley Tariff Created economic crisis for Hawaii. Eliminated duty-free status of sugar exports in US. Because of economic chaos, Hawaii pressed for annexation to get rid of the duty. Queen Liliuokalani Wanted to get rid of foreign influence. John L. Stevens sent troops to occupy Honolulu and arrested the queen, causing her to surrender. Relinquished authority to U.S. government. Annexation Club Formed by white oligarchy to oppose Queen Liliuokalani, who wanted to get rid of foreign influence. Pushed for annexation. Grover Cleveland's investigation Suspected foul play -- found conspiracy. American economic elite had pushed for annexation, not Hawaiians. America went away from Hawaii. Reannexation of Hawaii America went away from Hawaii, only to return when it became strategic way station to Asia and Philippines during the Spanish-American war. Organic Act of June 1900 Hawaiian people became U.S. citizens -- could vote in local elections

Introduction of chapter 22

Lottie Moon - Christian missionary in China China not happy with missionaries - kicks foreigners out American missionaries ultimately led to blending and changing cultures in their attempts for "civilizing" American culture began to spread America became a world power due to expanding so much and trading with foreign nations Elsewhere, France, Russia, Germany, and Japan were also expanding Americans insisted on imperialism as well, joining the fray to take over and exert their influence. Had latin america, sought influence in the pacific: Hawai'i, American Samoa, and the Philippines.

The Influence of Sea Power upon History

Mahan's book of lectures at the Naval War College.

China and the Open Door Policy

McKinley emphasized negotiations, with greater success. China carved into spheres of influence - Americans petitioned to halt dismemberment of China before they were closed out. Secretary of State John Hay asked those with spheres of influence to recognize Open Door policy - equal trade opportunity in China, although they initially complained that the US was seeking trade rights they had earned. Boxer rebellion took place, laying siege to Beijing and destroying foreigners. America joined the measure to end the rebellion. Hay sent a second note for Open Door policy. Open Door Policy Instrument to pry markets open and then dominate them. America's domestic well-being required exports. Foreign trade would suffer interruption unless the United States intervened abroad to implant American principles and keep markets open. Closing any area to American products threatened survival of the United States.

Motives for War

McKinley wanted to end bloodletting and open new markets, with Americans fully supported. McKinley also thought pushing the war would ensure electoral victory. Imperialists wanted expansion, conservatives alarmed by labor strikes welcomed war as a unifier. Those too young for Civil War wanted something to be proud of. Typical volunteer soldier was working class. 379 fell in combat, the rest of the 5.462 due to disease. Many black soldiers fought, but to no relief from Jim Crow laws. Bad camp conditions. Roosevelt's Rough Riders gained a lot of publicity.

Sinking of the Maine

McKinley was a very imperialist president -- wanted Spain to give up Cuba. Tried to buy Cuba for $300 million once. When riots occured in Havana, the Maine battleship was sent to protect American citizens. Explosion on the ship killed 266 Americans. William Randolph Hearst also published a stolen letter written by a Spanish minister in washington who belittled McKinley. Congress complied to use defense funds, and America blamed Spain for the ship's sinking.

Theodore Roosevelt and some European interactions

Mediated a Franco-German agreement over Morocco Endorsed futile Hague peace conferences and negotiated arbitration treaties Mainly just tried to profit from extensive trade.

Formal imperialism

Military occupation, annexation, or colonialism

Alfred T. Mahan and Navalism

Navalism -- the campaign to build an imperial navy. Wanted to go out and expand at sea rather than stay by the coastline. Alfred T. Mahan Popularizer for the "New Navy". Wanted to protect US shipping for foreign trade. The Influence of Sea Power upon History -- Mahan's book of lectures at the Naval War College. Was consulted by Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge. New ways of boat production First steel-hulled warships. From sail power to steam power. From wood construction to steel production. Boats often named after states and cities.

Nellie Bly

New York World reporter who used new technology to travel around the world in 72 days.

How long was the Spanish-American war?

One of the shortest wars in American history - only mainly fought in one month - Summer 1898

McKinley's Ultimatum and War Decision

Originally asked for an armistice. Madrid abolished reconcentration and eventually accepted an armistice, but McKinley was already too tired. Did not like disorder off U.S. coast -- intended to intervene in Cuba. Reasons for Spanish-American war "Cause of humanity". Protection of US life and property. Injury to commerce, trade, and business. Destruction of the Maine. Congress declared Cuba independent, directing force to remove Spanish authority from Cuba. The Teller Amendment Disclaimed any .S. intention to annex Cuba or control the island except to ensure "pacification." McKinley refused to recognize rebel government, saying Cuba needed American tutoring.

The Platt Amendment

Prohibited Cuba from making treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. All treaties had to have U.S. approval. Granted United States right to intervene to preserve domestic order. Gave US a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Jones Act

Promised independence for the Philippines whenever it established a "stable government."

The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain

Provided for joint control over the canal between America and Britain.

Burlingame Treaty (1868)

Provided free immigration between United States and China Riots of chinese immigrants broke out, so another treaty was made, suspending Chinese immigration for two years.

American imperialistic attitudes

People thought expanding would be healthy for American domestic health Promoters of expansionism supported belief that america was superior and should have its culture spread while being the ones to reap rewards - usually the wealthy. Exceptionalism -- america was exceptional and deserved to expand Nationalism, capitalism, Social Darwinism, and paternalistic attitudes towards foreigners

Alfred T. Mahan

Popularizer for the "New Navy". Wanted to protect US shipping for foreign trade. The Influence of Sea Power upon History -- Mahan's book of lectures at the Naval War College. Was consulted by Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge.

U.S.-Mexican Relations

Porfirio Díaz -- long-time dictator of Mexico who recruited foreign investors with tax incentives and land grants. America had Mexicoś railroads and mines, lots of investment in petroleum and banking. Mexico dependent on America for foreign trade under Porfirio Díaz. When Díaz was overthrown by revolutionaries, the new nation tried to end their economic dependency. Revolution became strong anti-Yankee civil war, people wanting to nationalize American-owned properties. Woodrow Wilson sent troops in twice Avenge slight to the U.S. uniform and flag and overthrow President Victoriano Huerta's nationalistic government. Again to capture Pancho Villa after he raided an American border town - failed to capture him. America reaffirmed Monroe Doctrine and demonstrated power to enforce it.

Roosevelt Corollary

Preventative intervention. Add-on to Monroe Doctrine. We will intervene in Latin America to prevent Europeans from intervening. Financial and political

Great White Fleet

Roosevelt shows off navy. Top 3 in the world. Sends fleet around the world to show off American power.

Nobel Peace Prize

Roosevelt wins the peace prize despite loving war and everything. Helped negotiate end of Russo-Japanese war.

Seward and Dominican Republic

Schemed with Dominican Republic leaders to gain a Caribbean naval base at Samaná Bay. Ulysses S. Grant tried to buy the entire island nation Senate rejected annexation.

The "Civilizing" Impulse

Self-interest and idealism led America to intervene in other lands to "remake" foreign societies and extend liberty and prosperity William Howard Taft wanted to civilize Filipinos and Chinese - the more civilized and wealthy they become, the better the market is for America. Missionaries went all over to spread Christianity One was the Student Volunteers for Foreign Missions

Yellow Press

Sensationalism in news reports. America was interested in Cuba. William Randolph Hearst (The Journal) and Pulitzer (The World). Very patriotic - wanted to stir things up in Cuba. War is good for newspapers. Hearst sends artist - Remington - to sketch the brutal concentration camps to put in newspapers = Remington sees that it's not too bad. Hearst: "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war." Papers were churning out mostly fake sensationalist stories

Seward and Virgin Islands

Seward tried to sign a treaty with Denmark to buy the Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands) but his enemies and a hurricane delayed it. Virgin Islands had to wait until 1917 for annexation .

Seward's Quest for Empire

Seward tried to sign a treaty with Denmark to buy the Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands) but his enemies and a hurricane delayed it. Virgin Islands had to wait until 1917 for annexation . Schemed with Dominican Republic leaders to gain a Caribbean naval base at Samaná Bay. Ulysses S. Grant tried to buy the entire island nation Senate rejected annexation. Anti-imperialism worked against Seward's wishes Godkin of The Nation argued that the country had too much unsettled land - take care of that first and then others would follow. Some annexation rejected due to racism. Seward's successes Got France to abandon its puppet regime in Mexico. Bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Senate voted overwhelmingly for the treaty. Laid claim to Midway Islands.

Some acts of American imperialism

Seward's folly - purchasing alaska ($72 million). Acquired Midway Islands as well. Hawaii (1898). Wanted islands in pacific to open gateway to China. Alfred T. Mahan wanted America to have a modern, powerful, two ocean navy. US had 59 million people. US was the leading industrial power on earth - steel. Going to take on the Spanish: Spanish-American war

Peacemaking in East Asia

Sought to preserve the Open Door and contain Japan's rising power. Japan insisted citizens to go study America as a model for industrializing and achieving world power. America made concessions to Japan to protect Philippines. Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize for mediating negotiations for the Russo-Japanese war. Taft-Katsura Agreement United States conceded Japanese hegemony over Korea in return for Japan's pledge not to undermine the U.S. position in the Philippines. Root-Takahira Agreement Washington recognized Japan's interests in Manchuria, Japan pledged security of US Pacific possessions and endorsed Open Door in China. Roosevelt showed off navy power to deter Japan "Great White Fleet" and Japan began to build a bigger navy of their own.

Beginning of the Spanish American War

Spanish power was decreasing. America wanted war glory - a generation after the civil war. Revolution began in Cuba and Spain was holding Cuba down, imprisoning Cubans in reconcentration camps (large outdoor prisons concentrating a group of people). America was sympathetic to the revolution, but Yellow Press.

What is the politically correct name for the Spanish-American war?

Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino war

Grover Cleveland's investigation

Suspected foul play -- found conspiracy. American economic elite had pushed for annexation, not Hawaiians. America went away from Hawaii.

Philippines side of the Spanish-American War

Take on the spanish navy. American admiral George Dewey. Fought in Manila Harbor. American ships new - spanish ships old. American guns have greater distance - can shoot at spanish without getting hit themselves. Spanish fleet - "Flotilla of floating crap." Spanish fleet decimated, America loses one person. Of heat stroke. Dewey sits and waits for surrender - why go in?

Treaty of Paris (Spanish-American War)

Terms of Treaty of Paris Independence for Cuba from Spain. Cession of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States. American payment of $20 million to Spain for territories. U.S. annexation extends further - Wake Island, Hawaii, Samoa Many debated against annexing the Philippines, distraught that war to free Cuba had led to empire.

How was the Spanish-American war won and why?

The Spanish were more incompetent than the U.S.

The two top national american newspapers

The World (Pulitzer) and The Journal (William Randolph Hearst)

Imperialist Arguments

White man's burden. Germany and Japan were interested in the Philippines -- America couldn't loosen control, lest the islands get seized. Senate passed Treaty of Paris - most Republicans said yes, most Democrats said no. Failed to pass amendment promising independence as soona s Filipinos formed a stable government.

The Roosevelt Corollary

Theodore Roosevelt wanted to help Latin American economies - when they defaulted to European banks, he feared Europe would try to intervene. Believed U.S. would have to assume the role of "an international police power." U.S. authorities were placed in Cuba, Panama, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Haiti to quell battles and install American influence. Controlled tariff revenues and government budgets.

Treaty of Paris

To America, from Spain: Cuba, Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico To Spain, from America: $20 million

San Francisco School Board segregated all Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese in special schools.

Tokyo protested Roosevelt's "gentleman's agreement" Tokyo restricts inflow of Japanese immigrants, San Francisco would rescind segregation order Later, Tokyo relations were harmed again when California legislature denied Japanese residents the right to own property in the state.

Roosevelt's "gentleman's agreement"

Tokyo restricts inflow of Japanese immigrants, San Francisco would rescind segregation order

Cuba and the Platt Amendment

U.S. continued to dominate Cuban economy in sugar, mining, tobacco, and utilities industries, and most rural lands. Teller Amendment was used to justify U.S. control by claiming it was for "pacification." Restricted voting rights to propertied Cuban males, excluding ⅔ of adult men and women. Platt Amendment Prohibited Cuba from making treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. All treaties had to have U.S. approval. Granted United States right to intervene to preserve domestic order. Gave US a naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Widespread protests against Platt amendment. Cubans staged a rebellion against the government, leading roosevelt to invade and send in the marines. Transportation system, army, public schools, increased sugar production. Eradicated Yellow Fever. Puerto Rico development Puerto Rico first welcomed US over Spain, then grew disillusioned. U.S. military governor, Guy V, Henry hated Puerto Ricans. Some warned against "yankee peril," some loved the "Yankee model."

Samoa contest

US gained exclusive right to a coaling station at Pago Pago. Britain and Germany wanted the same thing, and tensions grew, sending ships. Britain, Germany, and the United States met in Berlin, devising a three-part protectorate of Samoa. Partitioned Samoa. US got Pago Pago, annexing part of the islands, taking American Samoa Germany got Western Samoa, Britain renounced Samoan claims, getting Gilbert Islands and Solomon Islands.

The Panama Canal

US interested in building a great canal in Panama, a province of Colombia, predicting it would convert "the Gulf of Mexico into an American lake." The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain Provided for joint control over the canal between America and Britain. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty Britain permitted a U.S. run canal, wanting to stay friends and recognize their smaller influence in the region. Roosevelt supported Panamanian rebels against Colombia so they can declare independence and give America the land for the canal. Panam gave America the canal after winning independence. US paid Colombia $25 million in "conscience money."

Taft-Katsura Agreement

United States conceded Japanese hegemony over Korea in return for Japan's pledge not to undermine the U.S. position in the Philippines.

Teller Resolution

United states claimed no sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over cuba, except to bring peace to the island.

Venezuelan Boundary Dispute

Venezuela asked America for help in quarrel with Great Britain over border between Venezuela and British Guiana. Secretary of State Richard Olney reminded Britain that the Monroe Doctrine prohibited European powers from denying self-government of nations in Western Hemisphere. Britain wanted allies against Germany, so it retreated from the crisis. Anglo-American arbitration board divided territory between Britain and Venezuela - completed disregarded Venezuela.

Battle of Bud Dajo

Violent, independent, anti-Christian Muslim Filipinos of Moro province kept fighting until 1906, when Americans slaughtered 600

Queen Liliuokalani

Wanted to get rid of foreign influence. John L. Stevens sent troops to occupy Honolulu and arrested the queen, causing her to surrender. Relinquished authority to U.S. government.

Exceptionalism

america was exceptional and deserved to expand Nationalism, capitalism, Social Darwinism, and paternalistic attitudes towards foreigners

Race Thinking and the Male Ethos

inking and the Male Ethos Used racism and American superiority to justify expansionism Phrenology and physiognomy - analysis of skull size and shape and comparison of facial features used to determine superior and inferior races. U.S. leaders used the words "manliness" and "weakling" a lot. Theodore Roosevelt was racist and called people of color "darkeys" and thought they shouldn't be in worldly politics Considered Latin Americans as half-breeds in need of saving. Gendered imagery joined race thinking to put people below U.S. men Our Country (1885), by Reverend Josiah Strong celebrated Americans as destined to lead others Racism in all forms of media - circuses had foreign "freaks" and in the first National Geographic, Americans saw the foreign 'uncivilized' lands. Burlingame Treaty (1868) Provided free immigration between United States and China Riots of chinese immigrants broke out, so another treaty was made, suspending Chinese immigration for two years. Rock Springs incident - white coal miners rioted and massacred at least 25 chinese men San Francisco School Board segregated all Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese in special schools. Tokyo protested Roosevelt's "gentleman's agreement" Tokyo restricts inflow of Japanese immigrants, San Francisco would rescind segregation order Later, Tokyo relations were harmed again when California legislature denied Japanese residents the right to own property in the state.

Cyrus Field

led efforts to establish an underwater transatlantic cable linking European and American telegraph networks.

"foreign policy elite"

opinion leaders in various subjects. Called "the thoughtful men of the country"

Navalism

the campaign to build an imperial navy.

Rock Springs incident

white coal miners rioted and massacred at least 25 chinese men

Agricultural goods

⅔ of total exports in 1900 Grain, cotton, meat, and dairy products Over half of all cotton crops exported