Chapter 23 & 24 A & P II

Proteins entering the stomach act as a buffer raising pH. Rising pH stimulates the activity of G-cells in the lining of the stomach. All of the following but one will occur. Select the statement below that would not occur.

A positive feedback response will be initiated and G-cell activity will continue to go up.

Select the description below that illustrates a difference between a sphincter and circular muscle.

A sphincter is a thickening of circular muscle that can prevent the movement of digesting materials while circular muscle is involved in propulsion digesting material

The enterohepatic circulation reabsorbs bile salts in the distal portion of the small intestine (Ileum). All of the following statements about the enterohepatic circulation are true except one. Select the statement below that is not true of the enterohepatic circulation.

All of the components of bile are recycled by this circulation.

Which of the choices below happens during the absorptive state?

Anabolic processes that exceed catabolic ones.

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to___________.

Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing of liver.

Select the correct statement about absorption.

In the rare case that intact, whole proteins are transported across the mucosal endothelium, an immune response may be generated.

Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________.

Increases the release of digestive enzymes and bile

Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion.

Metabolism compromises all of the chemical reactions preformed with in the body while digestion is only the breakdown within the G.I. tract.

Select the correct response about proteins.

Proteins will be used by most cells for ATP synthesis is insuffecient carbs are ingested.

Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?

There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the largest to emerge

Glycogen is formed in the liver during the ________.

absorptive state

You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

amylase

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum

As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids.

brain

The primary function of cellular respiration is to___________.

break from food molecules and generate ATP

Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________.

breaks down complex structure to simpler ones

Lipogenesis occurs when

cellular ATP and glucose levels are high

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.

chemical digestion

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.

chief cells of the stomach

Glycolysis is best defined as a catabolic reaction based upon the ________.

conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Several hours after your last meal, declining blood glucose levels stimulate release of the hormone____________, which stimulates glycogeneolysis, lipolysis, and fat mobilization, and gluceogenesis.

cortisol

The chemical an mechanical processes of food breakdown are called__________.

digestion

A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________.

eating foods that are low in fat

The solutes contained in saliva include

electrolytes, digestive enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA

What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?

enamel

The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________.

energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized?

fats

When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large amounts, it usually indicates increased metabolism of ________.

fatty acids

Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?

fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates

Which hormone directs essentially all the events of the absorptive state?

insulin

Cholesterol, though it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________.

is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid molecules

A ruptured appendix is life threatening because_______.

it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.

lamina propria

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________.

larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

lipase

Bile salts bind at their hydrophobic regions to large fat globules within the chyme that enters the duodenum. Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________.

lipid emulsification

Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be effected the most in the liver were severely damaged.

lipids

The process of breaking triglycerides down into glycerol and fatty acids is known as ________.

lipolysis

The _________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a venous structure.

liver

In the enteric nervous system, a long reflexive pathway has an advantage over a short reflexive pathway in the fact that___________.

long reflexive pathways can be stimulated by things outside the GI tract

The lamina propria is composed of __________.

loose connective tissue

Oxidation reduction reactions

may involve the loss of hydrogen and electrons

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.

messentries

What is the outcome of ketosis?

metabolic acidosis

It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________.

most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Fat absorption through the plasma membrane of epithelial cells ________.

occurs by simple diffusion because lipids are able to penetrate the hydrophobic fatty acid tails within the plasma membrane

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration?

oxidative phosphorylation

Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following?

parietal cells

What process primes a molecule to change in a way that increases its activity, produces motion, or does work?

phosphorylation

The ingestion of which nutrient type results in the greatest food-induced thermogenesis?

proteins

At the conclusion of glycolysis, most of the glucose's chemical energy is found in the_________.

pyruvic acid molcules

When blood is cooler than the hypothalamic set point, the person may.

shiver

Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________.

slow the activities of the stomach

The bolus is liquified _________ and it is now called chyme

stomach

Which of the following choices below is NOT a mechanism of heat production?

sweating

Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption of nutrients?

the esophagus

Many factors influence BMR. What is the most critical factor?

the ratio of surface area to volume of the body

Which of the organs listed below is involved in all of the following processes: secretion, mechanical breakdown of food, digestion and absorption?

the stomach

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.

the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

Perastolic waves are

the waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

The amount of __________produced is probably the most important hormonal factor in determining BMR.

thyroxine

Which of the following is NOT a function of low-density-lipoproteins?

transport cholesterol from the peripheral tissues to the liver.

The most abundant dietary lipids are ________.

triglycerides

What proteins undergo deamination, the waste substance found in the urine is mostly__________.

urea

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task?

villi, and microvilli

The ____________ acts as the body's thermostat.

hypothalamus

The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.

in the walls of the tract organs

Select the correct statement that the regulation of gastric secretion.

Gastric secretions can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth.

Which of the choices below is not a mechanism of heat transfer used by the body?

Shivering

Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms.

The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.

All of the following are true of swallowing except one. Select the statement that is not true of swallowing.

The epiglottis assists in propelling food in the trachea

Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of lymphoid tissue (MALT) at the distal end of the small intestine?

The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the blood stream.

Which of the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria?

formation of malic acid from fumaric acid

Which of the the following does NOT occur in the mitochondria?

formation of malic acid from fumaric acid

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?

fungiform and circumvallate

The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________.

glucose

Glucogenesis is the process in which

glucose is formed from noncarbohydrate molecules

In glucogenosis, during the postabsorptive state, amino acids and _________ are converted to glucose.

glycerol

Which term describes the action of an endurance runner the night before the race as she "carbo-loads" when eating a large pasta dinner?

glycogenesis

Glucose can be obtained from_________.

glycogenolysis

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration( the complete oxidation of glucose)?

glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas respectively unite to form the

hepatopancreatic ampulla