Chapter 23 | The Digestive System

What is a possible side effect of the weakening of the cardiac sphincter? A) Acid reflux into the esophagus B) Uncontrollable bowel movements C) Heart attack D) Rapid overfilling of the stomach

A) Acid reflux into the esophagus

This hormone relaxes the hepatopancreatic sphincter. A) CCK B) Secretin C) Gastrin D) Bile

A) CCK

This hormone triggers the release of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice. A) CCK B) Secretin C) Gastrin D) Bile

A) CCK

Choose the answer that lists the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal in the appropriate order from innermost to outermost. A) Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa B) Submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis externa C) Serosa, mucosa, muscularis externa, submucosa D) Muscularis externa, submucosa, serosa, mucosa

A) Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth? A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge. B) There are 27 permanent teeth, and the first molars are usually the last to emerge. C) The number of permanent teeth is always equal to the number of primary teeth. D) The number of upper permanent teeth is not equal to the number of lower permanent teeth.

A) There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.

The esophagus is a part of the _______, while the pancreas is considered a(n) _______ when it comes to the digestive system. A) alimentary canal; accessory digestive organ B) stomach; propulsion organ C) accessory organs; alimentary canal component D) pharynx; mechanical digestive organ

A) alimentary canal; accessory digestive organ

Amylase allows us to digest __________ . A) carbohydrates B) proteins C) fats D) all of these

A) carbohydrates

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________. A) digestion B) absorption C) ingestion D) secretion

A) digestion

A child with restricted tongue movement may have a surgery that involves the cutting of the ________. A) lingual frenulum B) palatine tonsils C) uvula D) terminal sulcus

A) lingual frenulum

Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? A) lipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) starches

A) lipids

The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure. A) liver B) spleen C) pancreas D) stomach

A) liver

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________. A) mesenteries B) lamina propria C) serosal lining D) mucosal lining

A) mesenteries

Chemical digestion is initiated in the _________. A) mouth B) stomach C) small intestine D) large intestine

A) mouth

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task? A) villi, and microvilli B) the vast array of digestive enzymes C) Brunner's glands and Peyer patches D) the rugae and haustra

A) villi, and microvilli

Saliva is composed mainly of __________ . A) water B) amylase C) lingual lipase D) mucin

A) water

Select the description below that illustrates a difference between a sphincter and circular muscle. A) A sphincter is composed of smooth muscle while circular muscle is composed of skeletal muscle tissue. B) A sphincter is a thickening of circular muscle that can prevent the movement of digesting materials while the circular muscle is involved in the propulsion of digesting material. C) Sphincters are found throughout the GI tract while circular muscle is found only in the proximal portion of the GI tract. D) Sphincters are found in the proximal portion of the GI tract while circular muscle is found in the distal portions.

B) A sphincter is a thickening of circular muscle that can prevent the movement of digesting materials while the circular muscle is involved in the propulsion of digesting material.

Which of the following phases of gastric secretion is a conditioned reflex? A) Gastric phase B) Cephalic phase C) Intestinal phase D) All three phases above are conditioned reflexes.

B) Cephalic phase

Micelles are formed during the absorption of which nutrient? A) Monosaccharides B) Fatty acids C) Amino acids D) Disaccharides

B) Fatty acids

Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of lymphoid tissue (MALT) at the distal end of the small intestine? A) The digestive systems first and foremost job is to digest and absorb nutrients so it puts off immunity for last. B) The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the bloodstream. C) The body will actively excrete pathogens out of the body, into the digestive system, to be removed from the body in feces. D) The alkaline secretions of the small intestine aid in the growth of bacteria and these bacteria must be controlled.

B) The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the bloodstream.

What part of the tooth bears the force and resists the friction of chewing? A) crown B) enamel C) pulp D) cementum

B) enamel

Mass movement in the large intestine is initiated by the __________ . A) gastroileal reflex B) gastrocolic reflex C) enterogastric reflex D) defecation reflex

B) gastrocolic reflex

The pocketlike sacs of the large intestine are called __________ . A) teniae coli B) haustra C) epiploic appendages D) cecae

B) haustra

A ruptured appendix is life-threatening because ________. A) it is likely to cause severe internal bleeding B) it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity C) loss of the appendix's function will cause an immune deficiency in the digestive system D) the large intestine will no longer be able to receive digested material from the small intestine

B) it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity

The stomach is able to expand nearly 80 times its empty volume partly due to _______ in its walls. A) microvilli B) rugae C) plicae circulares D) haustra

B) rugae

The majority of absorption occurs in the _______. A) stomach B) small intestine C) large intestine D) mouth

B) small intestine

The bolus is liquefied in the ________ and it is now called chyme. A) mouth B) stomach C) esophagus D) small intestine

B) stomach

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________. A) somatic neurons in the spinal cord B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus C) the rubrospinal tracts D) the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

B) the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

Short Answer: Compare and contrast the structure and function of a premolar and a molar.

Both have broad crowns with rounded cusps which allow for crushing and grinding. Premolars typically have only one root. Molars are larger than premolars and contain at least two roots.

The esophageal hiatus is found on this organ. A) Esophagus B) Stomach C) Diaphragm D) Pharynx

C) Diaphragm

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine? A) It does not contain villi. B) It exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli. C) It is longer than the small intestine. D) It has pocket-like sacs called haustra.

C) It is longer than the small intestine.

Which specific process is mostly used to "absorb" water from the intestine? A) Simple diffusion B) Active transport C) Osmosis D) Filtration

C) Osmosis

Peristalsis is part of which digestive process? A) Absorption B) Ingestion C) Propulsion D) Chemical digestion

C) Propulsion

Which histological layer of the alimentary canal is also known as the visceral peritoneum? A) Submucosa B) Muscularis C) Serosa D) Mucosa

C) Serosa

Which of the following types of epithelial tissues is most predominant throughout the digestive tract? A) Simple squamous B) Stratified squamous C) Simple columnar D) Simple cuboidal

C) Simple columnar

All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition) except one. Select the statement that is NOT true of swallowing. A) The mouth, pharynx and esophagus all take part in swallowing. B) The voluntary phase of swallowing takes place within the mouth. C) The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea. D) The involuntary portion of swallowing takes place in the pharynx.

C) The epiglottis assists in propelling food into the trachea.

Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth. A) There are 27 primary teeth, and the molars are permanent. B) There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months. C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age, most children have all 20. D) There are 32 primary teeth, and by 36 months of age, most children have all 32.

C) There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age, most children have all 20.

The functions of the large intestine include all of the following EXCEPT __________ . A) elimination of waste B) absorption of water and electrolytes C) absorption of nutrients D) absorption of vitamins produced by bacteria

C) absorption of nutrients

The gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen are the __________ . A) mucous neck cells B) parietal cells C) chief cells D) enteroendocrine cells

C) chief cells

Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds? A) fungiform and circumvallate B) palatine and circumvallate C) circumvallate and filiform D) fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform

C) circumvallate and filiform

Excessive acidity in the stomach causes a(n) _________ in _______ secretion. A) decrease; CCK B) increase; CCK C) decrease; gastrin D) increase; gastrin

C) decrease; gastrin

Most teeth are primarily composed of _________. A) enamel B) pulp C) dentin D) cementum

C) dentin

A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________. A) eating a low to no-carb diet B) eating fewer, but larger meals C) eating foods that are low in fat D) increasing unsaturated fats while eliminating trans fats in their diets

C) eating foods that are low in fat

Which of the following is NOT part of the large intestine? A) Cecum B) Appendix C) lleum D) Sigmoid colon

C) lleum

The majority of _________ occurs in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. A) ingestion B) chemical digestion C) mechanical digestion D) absorption

C) mechanical digestion

The membrane that lines the body wall of the abdominal cavity is the __________ . A) ventral mesentery B) visceral peritoneum C) parietal peritoneum D) retroperitoneum

C) parietal peritoneum

Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or absorption? A) large intestine B) the oral cavity C) the esophagus D) the small ingestion

C) the esophagus

ntrinsic factor is produced in the stomach and is necessary for the absorption of __________ . A_ triglycerides B) fat-soluble vitamins C) vitamin B12 D) vitamin C

C) vitamin B12

This substance secreted by the pancreas helps neutralize chyme. A) Chymotrypsin B) Bile C) Trypsin D) Bicarbonate

D) Bicarbonate

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme? A) Rennin B) Lipase C) Pepsin D) Bile

D) Bile

Which of the following reflexes are we able to voluntarily control? A) Gastroileal reflex B) Gastrocolic reflex C) Enterogastric reflex D) Defecation reflex

D) Defecation reflex

Which of the following is NOT an enzyme produced by the pancreas? A) Amylase B) Lipase C) Nuclease D) Glucagonase

D) Glucagonase

Where does chemical digestion of lipids begin? A) Small intestine B) Stomach C) Gallbladder D) Mouth

D) Mouth

Simple columnar epithelium is found in which histological layer of the alimentary canal? A) Submucosa B) Muscularis C) Serosa D) Mucosa

D) Mucosa

Most of the digestive enzymes found in the small intestine are secreted by this accessory organ. A) Liver B) Gallbladder C) Stomach D) Pancreas

D) Pancreas

28) The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for? A) incisor tooth B) molar tooth C) premolar tooth D) canine tooth

D) canine tooth

The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________. A) portal vein B) pancreatic acini C) bile canaliculus D) hepatopancreatic ampulla

D) hepatopancreatic ampulla

All of the following are part of the alimentary canal EXCEPT the __________ . A) pharynx B) esophagus C) small intestine D) liver

D) liver

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen. A) muscularis externa, serosa, mucosa, and submucosa B) serosa, mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa C) submucosa, serosa, muscularis externa, and mucosa D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Peristaltic waves are ________. A) segmental regions of the gastrointestinal tract B) churning movements of the gastrointestinal tract that aid in mechanical breakdown of chyme C) pendular movements of the gastrointestinal tract D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

D) waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

True/False Dentin anchors the tooth in place.

False

True/False Peyer's patches are primarily found in the submucosa of the duodenum.

False

True/False The digestive function of the liver is to produce digestive enzymes.

False

True/False When swallowing, the glottis covers the epiglottis.

False

Clinical: Jose is brought to the emergency room complaining of a burning sensation in his chest, increased salivation, and difficulty in swallowing. He is having difficulty breathing and feels the presence of a "lump in his throat." The diagnosis is gastroesophageal reflux disease. Explain.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease occurs when stomach acid continuously flows back into the esophagus. The acid reflux that occurs irritates the lining of the esophagus. Esophageal sphincter pressure is what causes the presence of a lump in his throat.

Short Answer: The longest portion of the small intestine is the ______.

ILEUM

Short Answer: The part of the peritoneum that covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs is the ________ peritoneum.

PARIETAL

Short Answer: The ___________ ligament anchors a tooth in the alveolus of the jaw.

PERIODONTAL

Clinical: Mrs. Wong goes to the emergency room with the following symptoms: severe pain in the umbilical region, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. While she was waiting to see a doctor, the pain moved to the lower right abdominal quadrant. What is the likely diagnosis and treatment?

The diagnosis would be appendicitis. This is due to the fact that the pain in the umbilical region shifted over suddenly. Treatment would be an appendectomy.

Clinical: A patient has esophageal cancer and must have a feeding tube inserted. The doctor tells the patient that the tube will be inserted surgically into the duodenum. The patient's wife asks why the tube will not be inserted into the stomach. What would the doctor say?

The doctor would say that the duodenum is the body's major digestive organ. The doctor would also say that absorption is best in the small intestine. Putting the feeding tub in the duodenum would also decrease the risk of vomiting and other complication.

Short Answer: Identify three ways the small intestine is modified to increase the surface area for digestion and absorption.

The plicae circulares are circular folds that force chyme to move spirally through the lumen. The villi are what increase the absorptive surface area. There is also the microvilli which increase the surface area and enhance absorption.

True/False All the chemical and mechanical phases of digestion from the mouth through the small intestine are directed toward changing food into forms that can pass through the epithelial cells lining the mucosa into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels.

True

True/False The circular folds of the small intestine enhance absorption by causing the chyme to spiral, rather than to move in a straight line, as it passes through the small intestine.

True

True/False The major means of propulsion through the alimentary canal is peristalsis.

True

True/False The pancreas has both an endocrine and an exocrine function.

True

True/False The peritoneum is the most extensive serous membrane in the body.

True

Short Answer: Name two regions of the digestive tract where mechanical food breakdown processes are very important. Name two organs that are primarily food conduits. Name the organ where protein digestion is begun. Name the organ where fat digestion begins.

Two important regions where the mechanical food breakdown processes are the mouth and stomach. Two organs that are primarily food conduits are the esophagus and pharynx. The stomach is where protein digestion begins. Fat digestion begins in the small intestine.