Chapter 23: The French Revolution

Describe the Revolution and Latin America?

a.Actions of Congress of Vienna had consequences far beyond events in Europe b.When Napoleon deposed the King of Spain during the Peninsular War, liberal Creoles (colonists born in Spanish America) seized control of many colonies in the Americas c.When Congress of Vienna restored the king to the spanish throne 1.royalist peninsulares (colonists born in Spain) tried to regain control of these colonial governments. 2.Creoles, however, attempted to retain and expand their power. 3.In response, the Spanish King took steps to tighten control over the American colonies 4.this action angered Mexicans a.revolted and successfully threw off Spains' control b.Other Spanish colonies in Latin America also claimed independence c.At the same time, Brazil declared independence from Portugal

What was the Long Term Legacy of the Congress of Vienna?

a.Congress of Vienna influenced world politics for next 100 years b.Nationalism began to spread in Italy, Germany, Greece c.Nationalistic feelings would explode into revolutions and new nations would be formed d.Ideas about the basis of power and authority had changed permanently as a result of the French Revolution 1.more and more people saw democracy as the best way to ensure equality and justice for all

By 1802, Europe was at peace for the 1st time. Who signed the peace agreements/

all 3 nations: Britain, Austria, and Russia signed peace agreements with France. This allowed Napoleon to be free to focus his energies on restoring order in France

What caused the widespread crop failure in the 1780s?

bad weather

Robespierre, along with his supporters, set out to build a "republic of virtue" by wiping out every trace of France's past. They changed what?

changed the calendar. 1. 12 months were changed to 30 days each; 2. they renamed each month; 3. they had no Sundays (radicals considered religion old fashioned & dangerous); 4. they closed down churches

The allied armies of the European powers outside the German city of Leipzig steadily pushed towards Parish and defeats French forces, led by____.

led by King Frederick William III of Prussia and Czar Alexander I of Russia.

The Napoleonic code promoted ______ and _______ over individual rights.

order and authority over individual rights.

as the National Assembly argued over a new constitution for France, division began to develop. In September 1791, the National Assembly completed the new constitution (which was reluctantly approved by ___________). This new Constitution created a limited what? And what did this new constitution strip?

reluctantly approved by Louis XVI; Created a limited constitutional monarchy. stripped the king of much of his authority

Factions outside the Legislative Assembly wanted to influence the direction of the government. Which factions wanted the Revolution to bring even greater changes to France? Hint: They were regular trouseers and were "those without knee breeches."

sans-culottes

What was the Great Fear when the rebellion started to spread from Paris to the countryside?

senseless panic rolled through France RUmors of nobles hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasant peasants became outlaws themselves; they broke into nobles' manor houses and destroyed old legal papers that bound them to pay feudal dues; some burned down the manor houses

The Napoleonic code also restored what in the French colonies of the Caribbean?

slavery.

At the time when Austria, Prussia and Russia signed peace treaties, France's only major enemy left undefeated was _____________.

the great naval power: Britain.

After the End of Terror, the 3rd "new plan" of government was drafted. It placed power firmly in the hands of ________. It called for a two-house legislature and executive body of five men (known as the ________)

the upper middle class; Directory

On September 21, 1792, a new government emerged during the National Convention. The radicals in streets pressured the Legislative Assembly to do what?

to set aside the Constitution of 1791.

plebiscite

vote of the people

Who were the urban lower class (3rd Estate)

workers of France's cities poorest tradespeople, apprentices, laborers, and domestic servants paid low wages frequently out of work often went hungry

What did Robespierre say about the connection between virtue and terro?

"If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror."

Who were the sans-culotttes

"Those without knee breeches." They were Parisian workers and small shopkeepers who wanted the Revolution to bring even greater changes to France. They were factions outside the Legislative ASsembly that wanted to influence the direction of the government.

Why did the 3rd estate resent the 1st two classes (clergy and the nobles)?

- because of their privileges and special treatments

What is the Tennis Court Oath

- broke down door to an indoor tennis court - pledged to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution - soon after, nobles and members of clergy favored reform and joined the Third Estates Delegates

Describe the 3rd Estate group: Bourgeoisie

- middle class - bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals & skilled artisans - well educated - believed strongly in the Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality - lacked privileges - many felt that their wealth entitled them to a greater degree of social status and political power.

On June 17, 1789, there was a vote to establish the National Assembly . What did that mean?

- proclaimed the end of absolute monarchy - beginning of representative government - 1st deliberate act of revolution

Congress of Vienna allowed for Kings and Princes to do what?

...to resume power in country after country beyond Vienna. Britain and France now had constitutional monarchies. Governments of Eastern and Central Europe were more conservative and Rulers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria were absolute monarchs.

As Napoleon abandoned the Americas, what did Napoleon end up doing?

1. Annexed the Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy to France 2. Set up a puppet government in Switzerland

With the Enlightenment ideas, new views about power and authority in government were spreading among 3rd Estate classes. How were members of the 3rd Estate were inspired by the success of the American Revolution?

1. Began questioning structure of society 2. Began quoting Rousseau and Voltaire, demanding equality, liberty and democracy

What were the 3 groups that comprised the 3rd Estate?

1. Bourgeoisie 2. Urban Lower Class 3. Peasant farmers

Factions outside the Legislative Assembly wanted to influence the direction of the government. Which factions hoped to undo the Revolution and restore Old Regime?

1. Emigres, nobles & others who fled France hoped to undo the revolution and restore the Old Regime. 2.

The destruction of the French Fleet had 2 major results: _____ & ____.

1. Ensured supremacy of the British navy for the next 100 years 2. Forced Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain.

Government sunk deeply in debt during 1770 and 1780s because....

1. Extravagant spending by Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette 2. Previous debts, especially money used to help the American revolutionaries (doubled government debt)

Why was the Congress of Vienna a political triumph?

1. For the 1st time, nations of an entire continent had cooperated to control political affairs 2. The Congress of Vienna came up with fair and agreed upon settlements 3. The Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history.

France, during the age of Enlightenment, was a very successful country. How was France a very successful country (5 things).

1. France considered most advanced country in Europe 2. Large population 3. prosperous foreign trade 4. center of the Enlightenment 5. France's culture widely praised and imitated by the rest of world

What were the 2 benefits to selling the Louisiana Territory to Jefferson?

1. Gain money to finance operations in Europe. 2. To punish the British by assuring more power to the US

What contributed to the revolutionary mood in Frances?

1. Growing resentment among the lower classes 2. New ideas about government 3. Serious economic problems 4. Weak and indecisive leadership

When Napoleon set up his 1st task to get economy on a solid footing, what did he do?

1. He set up efficient method of tax collection 2. He established a national banking system These promoted steady supply of tax money and promoted sound financial management and better control of the economy

By 1780s, France's once prosperous economy was in decline. Describe France's economic troubles.

1. Heavy burden of taxes made it almost impossible to conduct business profitably within France 2. Cost of living rising sharply 3. Bad weather caused widespread crop failure (severe grain shortage; price of bread doubled in 1789; people starved) 4. Government sunk deeply in debt during 1770 & 1780s due to extravagant spending o Louis XVI and wife; large debt from previous kings who borrowed heavily in order to help the America revolutionaries.

What were the 3 goals at the Congress of Vienna?

1. Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries 2. Wanted to restore balance of power, so that no country would be a threat to the others (Balance of Power) 3. Wanted to restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had once held before Napoleon's conquests.

What were the chief tasks of the Committee of Public Safety, which Robespierre became a leader of?

1. Protect the Revolution from its enemies 2. The committee often had these "enemies" tried in the morning and guillotined in the afternoon 3. The committee justified the use of terror by suggesting that it enabled French citizens to remain true to the ideals of the Revolution;

The Legislative Assembly, which came about from the new constitution created by the National Assembly, was split into 3 general groups. What were the 3 general groups and where did they sit in the hall?

1. Radicals. Sat on the left side of the hall. Opposed the idea of monarchy. Wanted sweeping changes in the way government was run. 2. Moderates. Sat in the center. Wanted some changes, but not as much as the radicals. 3. Conservatives. Sat on the right. upheld the idea of a limited monarchy; wanted few changes in the government.

What were Napoleon's costly mistakes?

1. The Continental System 2. The Peninsula War 3. The invasion of Russia in 1812.

At the National Convention on September 21, 1792, radicals in the streets pressured the Legislative Assembly to set aside the constitution of 1791. The National Convention did what 6 things

1. declare the king deposed 2. dissolve the assembly 3. called for election of a new legislative 4. abolished monarchy 5. declare France a republic 6. grant adult male citizens the right to vote and hold office.

Napoleon took steps to end corruption and inefficiency in government by doing hat 2 things?

1. dismissing corrupt officials 2. setting up lycees (government run public schools).

Who were the "Enemies of the Revolution" during the reign of terror and during one year that Robespierre reigned as dictator of France? How many were executed ruing the Terror?

1. most were fellow radicals who challenged Robespierre. 2. 85% of the "enemies" were peasants or members of the urban poor or middle class (who were the reason for the Revolution to begin with). 40,000 were executed during the terror.

How was Napoleon "Hero of the Hour?"

1.Royalist rebels 1795 marched on the National Convention 2.Napoleon told to defend delegates 3.Napoleon & his gunners greeted thousands of royalists with cannonade 4.Attackers fled in panic and confusion

What were the 3 large social classes or estate in France?

1st two had high privilege. 1st Estate: Roman Catholic Church (owned 10% of the land but contributed only about 2% of its income to the government, though provided education and relief services to the poor 2nd Estate: rich nobles (accounted for 2% of the population; nobles owned 20% of the land. Paid almost no taxes 3rd Estate: 97% of people

If you were to look at the beheadings by class, 200 people were executed during the last 132 days of the Reign of Terror. Who were executed the most?

3rd Estates were executed the most, followed by the 2nd Estates and followed by the 1st Estate.

The Balance of Power created a time of peace in Europe (a long lasting peace). None of the 5 great powers waged war on one another for nearly how long?

40 years. When, after 40 years, Britain fought Russia in the Crimean War.

When the 3rd "new plan" of government was drafted, it placed power firmly in the hands of the upper middle class. It called for a two-house legislature and executive body of five men (known as the Directory). What consisted of the Directory?

5 men who were moderates (not revolutionary idealists). Some of these wre corrupt and made themselves rich at the country's expense.

How long was Napoleon able to maintain greatest extent of control over most of Europe?

5 years; from 1807 - 1812.

Who were peasant farmers (3rd Estate)

80% of France's 26 million people paid about half their income in dues to nobles gave tithes to the church paid taxes to the king's agents paid taxes on such basic staples as salt

Who was Maximilien Robespierre?

A Jacobin leader.

During the 1800 plebiscite (vote of the people), they held to approve what?

A new constitution. People overwhelmingly voted in favor of the constitution because people were desperate for strong leadership. Gave all real power to Napoleon as first consul.

What is the "Rights of Man" and who/what organization adopted it and what influenced it?

Adopted in 1789 by the National Assembly. Influenced by the Declaration of Independence. 1. Men are born and remain free and equalin rights 2. liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression 3. Guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion 4. Revolutionary leaders adopted: Liberty, Equality, Franternity

Napoleon's battlefield successes forced the rule of what countries to sign peace treaties?

Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

Why did Austria & Prussia urged the French to restore Louis to his position as absolute monarch and what eventually did the Legislative Assembly decide to do in April 1792?

Because many countries feared similar revolts in their countries, Austria and Prussia urged the French to restore Louis to his position as absolute monarch. The Legislative Assembly responded by declaring war in April 1792.

Why did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory in 1803?

Because of all the losses in the Americas.

Why didn't some French NOT like the guillotine?

Because the "show" was too short and too quick. They liked watching the deaths.

Why did the majority of clergy and nobility scorned Enlightenment ideas?

Because they believed the radical ideas threatened their status and power as privileged person.

The new king (King Louis XVIII) after Napoleon was exiled was not popular with the people, esp the peasants because why?

Because they suspected the king wanted to undo the revolutions' land reforms. This opened up Napoleon's last bid for power: The hundred days.

Why were the French peasants (who were devout Catholics) alarmed about the taking over of Church lands and officials?

Because they were devout Catholics and they believed the pope should rule over a church independent of the state.

Describe how Napoleon disregarded changes in religion introduced by the revolution?

Both clergy and many peasants wanted to restore the position of the Church in France. Napoleon signed a concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII. He established a new relationship between church and state. But he rejected Church control in national affairs. Concordat gained Napoleon support of organized church as well as majority of French people.

The French Empire consisted of most of the countries in Europe and the only areas of Europe free from Napoleon's control were what 4 countries?

Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire.

As Napoleon started to look to expand further, afdter annexing Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy to France and after setting up a puppet government in Switzerland, what happened with the British?

British were fearful of Napoleon's ambitions; they persuaded Russia, Austria and Sweden to join them against France.

Who was Comte D'Antraigues and how did he sum up what government should be?

Comte D'Antraigues (friend of Rousseau) summed up what government should be: The 3rd Estate is the People and the People is the foundation of the State....people is everything..it is in the people that all national power resides and for the people that all states exist.

What happened when the conservatives attempted to undo the effects of the French Revolution?

Despite the efforts by the leaders of the Congress of Vienna to undo the French Revolution (and turn back the clock), the revolution had set new political ideas into motion. THe major political upheavals of the early 1800s had their roots in the French revolution

Jean-Paul Marat, a prominent member of the Jacobin Party, is known for devotion to what?

Devotion to the rights of the Paris's poor people.

When Napoleon surrounded the legislature after return from Egypt, he drove out most of its members. The remaining lawmakers voted to dissolve what?

Dissolve the Directory.

How did Napoleon lose American Territories?

Enslaved Africans in Saint Dominique colony demanded rights and freedom. Civil was erupted. Napoleon decided to take back the colony and restore its productive sugar industry. But French forces were devastated by disease and rebels proved to be fierce fights.

True or false: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity as adopted by the Revolutionary leaders in "The Rights of Man" also included the rights of women.

False.

The National Convention tried Louis for treason. What was the result?

Found him guilty; very close vote. Sentenced him to death. He was sent to the guillotine on January 21, 1793.

What was the Battle of Valmy?

French Army won against Austrians and Prussians.

What is the Napoleonic code?

Gave the country a uniform set of laws and eliminated injustices. But it actually limited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights.

What was Napoleon's 1st task?

Get economy on a solid footing.

In 1793, as the Austrians and Prussians were warring with the French, what countries joined in?

Great Britain, Holland, and Spain.

What raised Napoleon to great heights? what led to his doom?

HIs love of power had raised him to great heights but this same love of power led to his doom.

Who is Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes

Had a dramatic speech that suggested delegates name themselves the National Assembly and pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people.

In 1804, Napoleon was crowned as emperor? How was this done and why?

He crowned himself because he wanted to show that the church didn't have power over him. Signaled that he was more powerful than the Church, which traditionally crowned the rulers of France.

What did Horatio Nelson do to the French Fleet?

He split the large French fleet and captured many ships.

In response to what was happening with the beginning of the National Assembly, what did Louis XVI do?

He stationed mercenary army of Swiss guards around Versailles

What happened when Napoleon led the French Army against forces of Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia, crossing the Alps?

He swept into Italy. Won some victories then led expedition to Egypt to disrupt British trade with India. But the army was pinned down in Egypt and British admiral Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon's Naval forces. (kept this story out of the newspapers so Napoleon remained a hero to the people of France).

Who was the British Commmander in the battle of Trafalgar?

Horatio Nelson. He was a brilliant warfare at sea as Napoleon was at land.

What was King Louis XVI solution to the economic problems?

Impose taxes on the nobility. However 2nd Estate forced him to call a meeting of the Estates-General to approve this new tax. This assembly was an assembly of representatives from all 3 estates to approve the new tax. This was held on May 5, 1789 in Versailles.

In response to the Prussian forces advancing into Paris threatening to destroy Paris if the revolutionaries harmed any member of the royal family, what did the French do?

In August 10, 1792, 20,000 men and women invaded the Tuileries (palace where the royal family was staying) and massacred royal guards, imprisoned Louis,Marie Antoinette and children.

During Robespierre's Reign of Terror, what committee did he become a leader of?

In July 1793, Robespierre became leader of the Committee of Public Safety.

How did the Reign of Terror end?

In July, 1794, the National Convention members demanded for Robespierre's arrest and execution. The Reign of Terror ended July 28, 1794. Robespierre was guillotined.

What was the purpose of Napoleon setting up lycees?

In order to provide the government with trained officials;

In the National Assembly, what was the advantage to the 3rd Estate

It had many delegates vs the other two estates combined.

After the National Convention, what radical party took control?

Jacobins took control.

Who was a prominent member of the Jacobin Club and what newspaper was he an editor for?

Jean-Paul Marat. Edited the bnewspaper: L'Ami du Peuple (Friend of the People).

Who agreed to purchase the Louisiana Territory in 1803 and for how much?

Jefferson agreed to purchase the land for $15 million.

When did the royal family try to escape France and where were they trying to escape to?

June 1791. They were trying to escape France to the Austrian Netherlands.

What was the reason for taking having a state-controlled church (which took over church lands and declared Catholic Church officials and priests to be elected and paid as state officials).

Land was taken largely for economic reasons: to apy for debt and sale of Church lands.

The new constitution created by the National Assembly created what new legislative body? And what were its two ideas?

Legislative Assembly 1. Power to create laws and to approve or reject declarations of war 2. King still held the executive power to enforce laws

After the defeat by the Russians and after his army went down from 420,000 to 10,000, Napoleon raises another army (though untrained and inexperienced army). He faced allied armies of the European powers outside the German city of ______ on October 1813.

Leipzig.

How did having a weak leader contribute to Frances' Revolutionary mood?

Louis XVI was indecisive and allowed matters to drift. Paid little attention to his government advisers Queen added to kings' problems by interfering in government, offering poor advice, spent lots of $$ , she was a member of the royal family of Austria (enemy at the time)

Who assumed the throne when Napoleon was exiled to Elba?

Louis XVIII (Louis XVI's brother).

Who was the Jacobin leader who, in 1793, along with supporters, set out to build a "republic virtue" by wiping out every trace of France's past?

Maximilien Robespierre.

Of the 5 "great power" who distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution?

Metternich. He wanted to keep things as they were, before the revolution.

What was the Battle of Borodino

Most disastrous mistake by Napoleon. French & Russians were suspecting each other of wanting Poland. Napoleon decides to invade Russia. Napoleon amasses an army of 420,000 and marched into Russia. Alexander pulls his troops back. Russians mov ein and scorch all the fields and leave nothing for the enemy to eat. Then the Russians fell back more. Napoleon moves into Moscow, but instead of surrendering the Russian "holy city," Alexander destroys it by burning it and putting Moscow in flames. Napoleon stays in the ruined city until middle of October, then he decides to turn back toward France, but snow falls and temperatures drop in November. Russian raiders attack Napoleon's now ragged army. They retreat, many killed; Retreat from Russia devastated the grand army, now down to 10,000 soldiers from the initial 420,000 soldiers.

After Russia was exiled to Elba, he again tried to wrestle power. Describe what happened?

Napoleon tried to regain power. He escaped from Elba and was welcomed by crowds on march to Paris. He again became emperor of France. In response, European allies quickly marshalled their armies. British was led by Duke Wellington. Prussian army arrived and together, they attacked the French. 2 days later, Napoleon's exhausted troops gave way. British and Prussian forces chased them from the field.

After the Directory was dissolved, 3 consuls were created. Who was one of the consuls

Napoleon. He was the 1st consul and he assumed power as dictator. He suddenly seized power: coup d'état (blow to the state)

What was the Battle of Trafalgar

Naval defeat of Napoleon off the southwest coast of Spain.

Who was the woman who published declaration rights of women (but which were not acccepted by the leaders). her ideas were rejected and later declared an enemy of Revolution & this woman was executed.

Olympe de Gouges

In October 1789, who rioted over rising price of bread and what happened?

Parisian women rioted over rising price of bread. They marched on Versailles and demanded that National Assembly take action to provide bread. They turned their anger on king and queen; broke into palace, killing some of the guards and demanded Louis and Marie Antoinette return to Paris; The king and family left Versailles and never again saw the palace. This exit signaled the change of power and radical reforms were about to overtake France.

What was the Holy Alliance during a Conservative Europe?

Rulers of Europe were very nervous about the legacy of the French Revolution. They were worried that ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity might encourage revolutions elsewhere. So Czar Alexandar I, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and King Frederick William III of Prussia pledged to base their relations with other nations on Christian principles in order to combat the forces of the revolution (called: Holy Alliance).

What were the 5 countries with the "great powers" and who was the most influential of the five representatives from the "great powers?"

Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain, France were the "great powers." The most influential was Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria.

What is the Concert of Europe?

Series of alliances devised by Metternich to ensure that nations would help one another if any revolutions broke out.

What were lycees that Napoleon set up?

Set up to provide government with trained officials. Lycees were open to male students of all backgrounds; graduates were appointed to public office on basis of merit (vs. family connection).

What was the importance of Olympe de Gouges, whose ideas were rejected and later declared an enemy of the Revolution and was executed?

She published declaration rights of women (but was not accepted by the leaders)

Speeches made declaring love of liberty and equality were motivated more by ______ than ________ during the Revolutionary reform & terror?

Speeches made declaring love of liberty and equality were motivated more by _fear_____ than __idealism______ during the Revolutionary reform & terror?

In restoring order at home in France, Napoleon kept many changes from the Revolution. He supported laws that strengthened what?

That strengthened the central government and achieve some of the goals of the revolution.

During the revolutionary reform, the assembly took over these lands and declared their officials as elected and paid as state officials. Whose land and whose officials were these?

The Church.

Who appointed Napoleon to lead the French army against forces of Austria and Sardinia, crossing the Alps?

The Directory

What was executive body of 5 men found the right general to command France's armies and who was this general?

The Directory; Napoleon Bonaparte

In 1793, when Great Britain, Holland, and Spain joined Prussia & Austria, what happened?

The French suffered string of defeats; the french responded by ordering draft of 300,000 citizens. By 1794, the French army grew to 800,000 and included women.

What was Napoleon's last bid for power called?

The Hundred Days.

What did Napoleon believe was his greatest work?

The Napoleonic Code.

How were the "seating arrangements" in the Legislative Assembly like our political system now?

The Radicals (liberals) are considered left wing; the moderates are "centrists" and the conservatives are considered "right wings."

The concept of Liberty, Equality, Fraternity was influenced by the Declaration of Independence when this was adopted by the National Assembly. What was adopted by the National Assembly?

The Rights of Man

A prominent member of the Jacobin Club was Jean-Paul Marat. He called for death of all those who continued to support who?

The king.

Although France was a very successful country during the enlightenment, why was this deceiving?

There was a great unrest in France caused by: 1. Bad harvests 2. High prices 3. High taxes 4. Questions raised by the Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Voltaire

What happened on July 14: Bastille Day? Is it a French National holiday?

There were rumors of military force breaking up the National Assembly. So on July 14, mobs were searching for gunpowder and arms and stormed the Bastille prison. Mobs overwhelmed guards and seized control of the buildings. Attackers hijacked prisoner commander and killed guards. Fall of Bastille became symbolic act of revolution to the French people.

What did the Prussian forces do that enraged Parisians?

They advanced into Paris and threatened to destroy Paris if revolutionaries harmed any member of the royal family.

When Napoleon accepted defeat and surrendered, what did the victors give Napoleon and where did they exile him to?

They gave him a small pension and exiled him to Elba (off Italian coast).

What did the Catholic Church lose during the revolutionary and the reforms in France?

They lost both their lands and their political independence

Under whose leadership were the enslaved Africans in Saint Dominique when Napoleon tried to take back the colony?

Toussaint L'Oouverture.

True or False: As allied forces led by King Frederick William III of Prussia and Czar Alexander I of Russia led troops to defeat the French, Napoleon's general refused to fight on and Napoleon, in April 1814, accepted surrender and gave up his throne.

True

True or False: The French Empire was huge but unstable

True

True or false: The Naval defeat of Napoleon during the BAttle of Trafalgar was more important than all of Napoleon's victories on land.

True

True or false: Conservatives held firm control of the governments but could not contain the ideas that emerged during the French Revolution?

True

True or false: When Austria, Prussia and Russia signed peace treaties, this enabled Napoleon to build the largest European empire since the Romans.

True

What is the palace called where the royal family (Louis, Marie Antoinette & children) were staying at when the 20,000 men and women invaded it in response to Prussian forces advancing into Paris and threatening to destroy Paris if revolutionaries harmed any member of the royal family?

Tuileries

What was the September Massacres?

When rumors spread about supporters of the king in Paris prisons planning to break out and seize control of the city, angry & fearful residents raided the prisons and murdered 1,000 prisoners (many nobles, priests and royal sympathizers were killed).

When did the peasants start to oppose the assembly's reform.

When the Catholic Church became state-controlled