Chapter 24, 25, and 26 History (final)

What happened between the United States and Japan in the weeks prior to Pearl Harbor? Did we see the attack coming

1. Roosevelt had already displayed his animosity toward Japanese policies by harshly denouncing their assault on China and by terminating a long-standing American commercial treaty with the Tokyo government a) Still, the Japanese drive continued b) In July 1941, imperial troops moved into Indochina and seized the capital of Vietnam, a colony of France c) The United States, having broken the Japanese codes, knew that Japan's next target would be the Dutch East Indies; and when Tokyo failed to respond to Roosevelt's stern-warnings, the president froze all Japanese assets in the United States and established a complete trade embargo, severely limiting Japan's ability to purchase essential supplies (including oil) d) American public opinion, shaped by strong anti-Japanese prejudices developed over several decades, generally supported these hostile actions e) Tokyo now faced a choice f) Either it would have to repair relations with the United States to restore the flow of supplies or it would have to find those supplies elsewhere, most notably by seizing British and Dutch possessions in the Pacific 2. At first, the Japanese prime minister, Prince Konoye, seemed willing to compromise a) In October, however, militants in Tokyo forced Konoye out of office and replaced him with the leader of the war party, General Hideki Tojo b) With Japan's need for new sources of fuel becoming desperate, there now seemed a little alternative to war c) For several weeks, the Toyo government kept up a pretense of wanting to continue negotiations d) On November 20, 1941, Tokyo proposed a modus vivendi highly favorable to itself and sent its diplomats in Washington to the State Department to discuss it e) But Tokyo had already decided that it would not yield on the question of China, and Washington had made clear that it would accept nothing less than a reversal of that policy f) Secretary of State Cordell Hull rejected the Japanese overtures out of hand; on November 27, he told Secretary of War Henry Stimson, "I have washed my hands of the Japanese situation and it is now in the hands of you and Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, the Army, and Navy" g) He was not merely speculating 3. America intelligence had already decoded Japanese messages, which made clear that war was imminent, that after November 29 an attack would be only a matter of days a) But Washington did not know where the attack would take place b) most officials were convinced that the Japanese would move first not against American territory but against British or Dutch possessions to the south c) American intelligence took note of a Japanese naval task force that began sailing east from the Kuril Islands in the general direction of Hawaii on November 25, and radioed a routine warning to the United States naval facility at Pearl Harbor, near Honolulu d) But officials were paying more attention to a large Japanese convoy moving southward through the China Sea e) A combination of confusion and miscalculation led the government to overlook indications that Japan intended a direct attack on American forces, partly because Hawaii was so far from Japan that few officials believed such an attack possible

Who starts the aggression in the world?

1. Start of aggression and League of Nations does nothing to really stop it. 2. aggression will start with Japan and it will be more brutal than Hitler 3. Hitler is the last guy to move, Mussolini begins before him

What is Japan's response to our neutrality acts and embargo

1. Tojo and Japan offended again! a) they took umbrage to this b) they could kill to get even c) They decided that the embargo is an act of war- another reason for Pearl Harbor d) This happens in 1934

What are the dates of World War II What are the dates of U.S. involvement

1. US 1941-1945 a) we officially join the allies after Pearl Harbor b) We are in the war from 1941-1945 c) the US declares war on December 8,9,10 but we are not in the war until 1942 2. THE WWII - 1939-1945

Who are the "bad guys' in World War II? Why is there an unfair basis against Hitler?

1. Adolf Hitler- Germany 2. Hideki Tojo- Japan 3. benito Mussolini- Italy 4. Josef Stalin- Soviet Union . a) he is U.S. ally during the war b) He was always an enemy WHY WAS HITLER DEPICTED AS MORE CRAZY THAN STALIN 1. 9 million Jews were killed and 11 million altogether were killed (ones born defitinent) 2. Hitler killed people who spoke out against him and who didn't fit his ideal 3. Stalin killed between 11 million and 16 million Jews a) killing them before Hitler was even in office 4. Dogn killed 70 million people a) leader of china b) we don't know because China is still a communist closed society and we don't know the records 5. Hitler was more outspoken about it than Stalin who did everything on the download a) Hitler was more successful at building an empire b) Hitler atrocities were discovered in the late 1940s, and kept many documents c) Hitler was in the history books by 1945 as a mass murder 6. Stalin's atrocities were not discovered until the 1990s when the soviet union fell a) they are still finding mass graves and learning more about b) Soviet Union was a closed off community so we were unable to get at the records c) Stalin was a mad man, but we have a bias because Hitler ran his mouth and his atrocities were the first discovered 7. Anti Semitism is universal, except in Israel the most universally hated people on the planet are ethnic Jews a) Hitler never says that he was going to kill the Jews when he announces that he is going to knock them around b) He was not certifiably crazy until he starts to loose the war c) No one minded that Hitler was going to smack around the Jews, because everyone had a target on the Jews

What was the Soviet Union doing during the phony war

1. After German armies had quickly subdued Poland, the war in Europe settled into a long, quiet lull that lasted through the winter and the spring- a "phony war" many people called it 2. The only real fighting during this period occurred not between the Allies and the Axis, but between Russia and its neighbors a) taking advantage of the situation in the West, the Soviet Union overran and annexed the small Baltic republics of Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania and then in late November, invaded Finland 3. Most Americans were outraged, but neither Congress nor the president was willing to do more than impose an ineffective "moral embargo" on the shipment of armaments to Russia 4. By March 1940, the Soviet advance was complete

What are the new deal programs that are still around today

1. F.D.I.C. 2. S.E.C. 3. T.V.A. 4. F.H.A. 5. N.L.R.B. 6. Farm price supports a) creates parity

What is Roosevelt's third presidential campaign like?

1. For many months, the politics of 1940 revolved around the question of Franklin Roosevelt's intentions a) Would he break with tradition and run for an unprecedented third term? 2. The president himself never publicly revealed his own wishes a) But be refusing to withdraw from the contest, he made it impossible for any rival Democrat to establish a foothold within the party b) Just before the Democratic Convention in July, he let it be known that he would accept a draft from his party 3. The Democrats quickly renominated him and even reluctantly swallowed his choice for vice president: Agriculture Secretary Henry A Wallace, a man too liberal for the taste of many party leaders 4. With Roosevelt effectively straddling the center of the defense debate, favoring neither the extreme isolationists nor the extreme interventionists, the Republicans had few obvious alternatives a) Succumbing to a remarkable popular movement (carefully orchestrated by, among others, Time and Life magazines) they nominated a dynamic and attractive but politically inexperienced businessman, Wendell Willkie b) Willkie took positions little different from Roosevelt's: he would keep the country out of the war but would extend generous assistance to the Allies c) An appealing figure and a vigorous campaigner, he managed to evoke more public enthusiasm than any Republican candidate in decades 5. In the end, however, he was no match for Franklin Roosevelt a) The election was closer than it had been in either 1932 or 1936, but Roosevelt nevertheless won decisively b) He received 55% of the popular vote to Willkie's 45% and won 449 electoral votes to Willkie's 82 c) He won his third term after the invasion of France, but before the Battle of Britain

What is Hitler's last stand? How did he die?

1. Hitler working on A-bomb, fighter jets, rockets - war could still be won, but runs out of time, assassination attempts Hitler kills himself a) Hoping that the development of the new technology would help save him in the end 2. The allies keep getting closer and closer to Berlin in their push a) Churchill and Roosevelt were going to get to Berlin first and were trying to find the best way to end the war the two of them talk back and forth with Eisenhower b) They are trying to figure out how many men would died in the fight to take Berlin c) Argued if the Soviet Union should take Berlin first because Russians and Germans will die in larger number and less British and Americans 3. REASONS THE ALLIES LET USSR GET TO BERLIN FIRST: a) soviets have already lost enough soldiers and civilians that they can loose more b) Soviet Union has discovered the awful atrocities of the Germans and wanted revenge Americans let the Soviet Union get to Berlin first 4. Hitler knew that if the Russians got to him first, he would be toast and his wife, kid, and himself would die 5. He would rather surrender to the Americans and the British to receive a fall trial 6. On April 30, with Soviet forces on the outskirts of Berlin, Adolf Hitler killed himself in his bunker in the capital a) When the British and the Americans stop going to Berlin, Hitler kills himself and his family and their bodied are buried before the soviet union gets to them b) The German high command continues to fight for two weeks to receive a better deal in the end, but in the end it ends up being only an absolute surrender

What does Roosevelt do to earn the trust of the American people?

1. Hoover did not earn the trust from the people a) did not talk to the people b) he was an old fashion male and said that he was taking care of it without telling anyone what he is doing 2. Roosevelt talks to the people and earns their trust this way 3. Brain Trust 4. Eleanor 5. Fireside Chats 6. Personality- Pragmatist

How does a presidential democracy work?

1. PRESIDENTIAL DEMOCRACY in US we elect the executive 2. Executive branch / legislative branch 3. people vote separately for the 2 branches

What are the 3rs of the New Deal

1. RELIEF immediately to those in dire need promises immediate relief for those in dire need of aid a) give people medicine and food 2. RECOVERY "PUT THE PEOPLE TO WORK" Get back at it a) we will recover and we will come back from this b) THIS IS HIS NUMBER ONE GOAL OF THE NEW DEAL c) but he needs people to get back in the game and stop being afraid of trying something new or change 3. REFORM the system for preventive measures for future a) reform the system to prevent this from happening again b) fix the system that causes the depression (the causes, stock market crash, and bank runs)

what happens during the battle of the bulge

1. the great Allied drive came to a halt, however, at the Rhine River in the face of a firm line of German defenses and a period of cold weather, rain, and floods 2. In mid-December, German forces struck in desperation along fifty miles of front in the Ardennes Forest 3. In the Battle of the Bulge, named for a large bulge that appeared in the American lines as the Germans pressed forward, they drove fifty-five miles toward Antwerp before they were finally stopped Bastogne 4. The battle ended serious German resistance in the west

Who said this quote: APPEASEMENT to avoid war "...peace in our time" Who said this in response: "the chance to choose dishonor or war, they chose dishonor and now they will have war..."? What do both quotes mean

1.. APPEASEMENT to avoid war "...peace in our time" - Neville Chamberlain a) Chamberlain flies back to London and at the airport, everyone is waiting to hear what he is going to say b) he tells them that he will have peace in our time c) He is not only wrong, but on the world stage d) He is the prime minister e) This is one of the most shameful events in all of history f) why is chamberlain dumb enough to believe this are trying to convince themselves that everything is alright so they don't have to be afraid g) War happens anyway h) IT IS NOT BRITAIN AND FRANCE'S LAND TO GIVE AWAY i) they should have standed up for the defenseless j) They stepped to the side and let Hitler walk right in and take people that France and Britain had no right to give away 2. the chance to choose dishonor or war, they chose dishonor and now they will have war..." - Winston Churchill a) Churchill is another minister he is a pain and obnoxious He has been talking about getting rid of Hitler sense he was elected b) Chamberlain and Churchill are enemies c) He is accusing them of being cowards d) They had the chance to do the honorable thing for the indefeasible or they could appease and dishonor e) And since they chose dishonor, they are going to get war because Hitler is not going to stop

what is the Manhattan Project?

1.US WORKING ON MANHATTAN PROJECT TOO a) reporters had reached the United States in 1939 that Nazi scientists had taken the first step toward the creation of an atomic bomb b) The United States and Britain immediately began a race to develop the weapon before the germans did c) The search for the new weapon emerged from theories developed by atomic physicists, beginning early in th century, and particularly from some of the founding ideas of modern science developed by Albert Einstein d) Einstein's famous theory of relativity had revealed the relationships between mass and energy e) More precisely, he had argued that i theory at least, matter could be converted into a tremendous force of energy f) it was einstein, by then living in the united states, who warned Franklin Roosevelt that the germans were developing atomic weapons and that the United states must begin trying to do the same g) the effort to build atomic weapons centered on the use of uranium, whose atomic structure made possible the creation of a nuclear chain reaction h) a nuclear chain reaction occurs when the atomic nuclei in radioactive matter are split (a process known as nuclear fission) by neutrons i) each fission creates new neurons that produce fissions in additional atoms at an ever increasing and self sustaining pace k) the construction of atomic weapons had become feasible by the 1940s because of the discovery of the radioactivity of uranium as fuel for a weapon l) the columbia experiments stalled in 1941 and the worked moved to UC Berkeley and the University of Chicago, where Enrico Fermi (who had emigrated to the United States in 1938) achieved m) the first controlled fission chain reaction in December 1942 n) By then the army had taken control of the research and appointed General Leslie Groves to reorganize the project which soon became known as the Manhattan Project( BECAUSE IT WAS DEVISED IN THE MANHATTAN ENGINEER DISTRICT OFFICE OF THE ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS) o) Over the next three years, the US government secretly poured nearly $2 billion inot the Manhattan Project- a massive scientific and technological effort conducted at hidden laboratories in Oak Ridge, tennessee; Los Alamos New Mexico, Hanford, washington and other sites Scientists in Oak Ridge, who were charged with finding a way to create a nuclear chain reaction that could be feasibly replicated within the confined space of a bomb, began experimenting with plutonium-a derivative of uranium first discovered by scientists at UC Berkeley p) Plutonium proved capable of providing a practical fuel for the weapons q) Despite many unforeseen problems, the scientists pushed ahead much faster than anyone had predicted r) Even so, the war in Europe ended before they were ready to test the first weapon s) just before dawn on July 16, 1945, in the desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico , the scientists gathered to witness the first atomic explosion in history: the detonation of a plutonium-fueled bomb that its creators had named Trinity t) The explosion a blinding flash of light, probably brighter than any ever seen on earth, followed by a huge, billowing mushroom cloud- created a ast crater in the barren desert

What are the nuremburg laws 1935

1935 NUREMBURG Laws 1. Hitler does something officially anti-Jews in 1935 2. He goes to Nuremburg and officially signs a series of laws known as the Nuremburg Laws 3. IT OFFICIALLY STRIPS JEWS OF ALL OF THEIR RIGHTS a) They have to wear the stars of David and put it on their doors b) They have to register with the government as a Jews and tell them how many Jews are in their family c) have to wear the different color patches depending on their life situation d) They make them register their bank account with the government e) Hebrew tradition is keep your head down and do what you are told so things will be easier f) Jews have been abused in every country from the beginning of their time g) The Secret police is keeping an eye on the Jews h) Once the government knew where all of the Jews live, work, and wear their money is, they can round up and move all of the Jews 4. No one pro-Jew speaks out because they have no rights and will be arrested if they speak out a) Hitler and the secret police have unlimited power and can torture and punish because they do not have rights b) he slowly increases his power 5. This is considered the start of the Holocaust (or what made it possible)

What is the cash n'carry agreement cause and effects?

1939 US announces the "CASH AND CARRY" plan. a) If UK/France can come and get it and pay cash b) if they can haul it back to Europe (we are not loaning, not transporting, not repeating pre WW I mistake. 1. Roosevelt is an interventionist and knows that the war will come to us a) It is a global conflict, but yet the isolationist still believe that they will not have to get involved in the war b) He doesn't want the neutrality act to stop him from getting involved c) He knows that he is going to help England because they are our biggest customer and we would never help the axis powers 2. He comes up with the concept of cash and carries and it means exactly what it says a) American people and banks are not involved b) the British have to come over here and give us the gold in order to take away their supplies c) This keeps the Americans from getting involved 3. There was never any question that both the president and the majority of the American people favored Britain, France, and the other Allied nations in the conflict a) The question was how much the United States was prepared to do to assist them b) At the very least, Roosevelt believed, The United States should make armaments available to the Allied armies to help them counter the highly productive Germany munitions industry c) in September 1939, he asked Congress for a revision of the Neutrality Acts d) The Original measures had forbidden the sale of American weapons to any nation engaged in war; Roosevelt wanted the arms embargo lifted e) Powerful isolationist opposition forced him to accept a weaker revision than he would have liked; as passed by Congress, the 1939 measure maintained the prohibition on American ships entering war zones f) It did, however, permit belligerents to purchase arms on the same cash-and-carry basis that the earlier Neutrality Acts had established for the sale of nonmilitary materials

When does Hitler invade the Soviet Union? What does Germany start to do to the United States

1940 - HINTER INVADES SOVIET UNION AND NOW HAS 2 FRONT WAR 1. Hitler invades the Soviet Union before the Battle of Britain is over a) There is a limited time frame in the Soviet Union before their winter starts wouldn't be able to do blitzkrieg in the snow b) Hitler believed that Britain is about to fall, but they aren't c) This is a mistake 2. U.S. extends Lend-lease to USSR a) this is controversial until propaganda convinces them overwise b) At first, Germany did little to challenge the obviously hostile American actions 3. By the fall of 1941, however, events in Europe changed its position a) German forces had invaded the Soviet Union in June of that year, shattering the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact b) The Germans drove quickly and forcefully deep into Russian territory c) When the Soviets did not surrender, as many military observers had predicted they would, Roosevelt persuaded Congress to extend lend-lease privileges to them, the first step toward creating a new relationship with Stalin that would ultimately lead to a formal Soviet-America alliance d) Now the American industry was providing crucial assistance to Hitler's goes on two fronts, and the navy was playing a more active role than ever in protecting the flow of goods to Europe 4. In September, Nazi submarines began a concerted campaign against American vessels a) Early that month, a German U-Boat fired on the American destroyed Greer (which was radioing the U-boat's position to the British at the time) b) Roosevelt responded by ordering American ships to fire on German submarines "on sight" c) In October, Nazi submarines hit two American destroyers and sank one of them, the Reuben James, killing many American sailors d) engaged members of Congress now voted to the approval of a measure, allowing the United States to arm its merchant's vessels and to sail all the way into belligerent ports e) the United States had, in effect, launched a naval war against Germany

What were the segregated units

A-A & other minorities in segregated units all-Latino, all-AA, all-Japanese, all Native-Amer. 1. there is one all Japanese unit that was the most decorated unit in United States history a) they had to prove that they were good enough b) there was uneasiness with the Japanese in the war c) there was a lot of racisms between the Japanese, Native Americans, and African Americans d) There was tremendous unease with minorities in groups 2. Native Americans were used for communication because their language was so unique that no one could crack it a) Approximately 25,000 Native Americans performed military service during World War II b) Many of them served in combat (among them Ira Hayes, one of the men who memorably raised the American flag at Iwo Jima) c) Others worked as "code-talkers" working in military communications and speaking their own languages (which enemy forces would be unlikely to understand) over the radio and the telephones 3. Minorities were used in the draft and volunteers 4. THER WERE EXCEPTIONS, BUT FOR THE MOST PART, THERE WERE SEGREGATED UNITS a) Most minorities were segregated, there are exceptions b) This is because of Jim Crow c) This ends up causing the modern civil rights movement 5. African Americans began to mobilize the civil rights movement after the war a) During World War I, many African Americans had eagerly seized the chance to serve in the armed forces, believing that their patriotic efforts would win them an enhanced position in postwar society b) They had been cruelly disappointed c) As World War II, approached, blacks were again determined to use the conflict to improve their position in society this time, however, not by currying favor but by making demands d) Pressure for change was also growing within the military e) At first, the armed forces maintained their traditional practice of limiting blacks to the most menial assignments, keeping them in segregated training camps and units, and barring them entirely from the Marine Corps and the Army Air Force f) Gradually, however, military leaders were forced to make adjustments in part because of public and political pressures, but also because they recognized that these forms of segregation were wasting manpower g) By the end of the war, the number of black servicemen had increased sevenfold, to 700,000; some training camps were being at least partially integrated; African Americans were beginning to serve on ships with white sailors, and more black units were being sent to combat h) But tensions remained i) In some of the partially integrated army bases, Fort Dix, New Jersey, for example, riots occasionally broke out when African Americans protested having to serve in segregated divisions j) Substantial discrimination survived in all the services until well after the war k) But within the military, as within the society at large, the traditional pattern of race relations was slowly eroding 6. Over 300,000 Mexicans served in the United States military

Who are the allied powers

ALLIES US, USSR, UK, FREE FRENCH 1. France gives in so they are not invited to the Peace Treaty conference 2. the free french are the underground spies that play a huge role in getting intelligence to England and America about what is going on in Vichy France and harassing the Germans 3. The big 3, Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt DETERMINED IN THE ATLANTIC CHARTER, WE GO AFTER HITLER FIRST a) so the war against Japan is not given the resources that we need it b) this is the first military alliance that the US ever signed c) the navy is not given the resources that it needs to cause all of it is going to the army in Europe

What was America's relationship with the USSR before the war

AMERICA AND THE SOVIET UNION: 1. Americas' hopes of expanding its foreign trade helped produce efforts by the Roosevelt administration to improve relations with the Soviet Union 2. The United States and Russia had viewed each other with mistrust and even hostility since the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the American government still had not officially recognized the Soviet regime by 1933 a) But powerful voices within the United States were urging a change in policy because the Soviet Union appeared to be a possible source of trade b) The Russians, too, were eager for a new relationship c) They were hoping in particular for American cooperation in containing the power of Japan, which soviet leaders feared as a threat to Russia from the southeast 3. In November 1933, therefore, Soviet foreign minister Maxim Litvinov reached an agreement with President Roosevelt in Washington: the Soviets would cease heir propaganda efforts in the United States and protect American citizens in Russia; in return, the United States would recognize the Soviet regime a) Despite this promising beginning, however, relations with the Soviet Union soon soured once again b) American trade failed to establish much of a foothold in Russia; ad the Soviets received no reassurance from the United States that it was interested in stopping Japanese expansion in Asia c) By the end of 1934, as a result of these disappointed hopes on both sides, the Soviet Union and the United States were once again viewing each other with considerable mistrust

Who are the axis powers

AXIS - GERMANY, JAPAN, ITALY (changes sides late in the war) 1. Italy is always an axis power even though they drop out of the war at the end 2. Japan took advantage of the crisis that had preoccupied the Soviet Union and the two most powerful colonial powers in Asia, Britain and, France, to extend its empire in the Pacific a) In September 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, a loose defensive alliances with Germany and Italy that seemed to extend the Axis into Asia (In reality, the European Axis powers never developed a strong relationship with Japan, and the wars in Europe and the Pacific were largely separate conflicts) b) Italy doesn't pull out of the war until the last year so they are always an axis

What is the Great Migration II

African-American migration again over 1 mil. leave S. 1. Most of the African Americans go to the west coast because it has started manufacturing for the war effort a) Hollywood and Los Angeles has exploded 2. NEW, MORE AND BIGGER GHETTOS a) foreshadowing the civil rights movement b) the sudden expansion of Mexican American neighborhoods created tensions and occasionally conflict in some American cities c) Some white residents of Los Angeles became alarmed at the activities of Mexican American teenagers, many of whom were joining street gangs (pachucos) d) The pachucos were particularly distinctive because of their members' style of dress, which whites considered outrageous e) They wore zoot suits, long, loose jackets with padded shoulders, baggy pants tied at the ankles, long watch chains, broad-brimmed hats, and greased, ducktail hairstyles (it was a style borrowed in part from fashions in Harlem) f) In June 1943, animosity toward the zoot-suiters produced a four-day riot in Los Angeles, during which whit sailors stationed at a based in Long Beach invaded Mexican American communities and attacked zoot-suiters (n response to alleged attacks) g) the city police did little to restrain the sailors, who created Hispanic teenagers, tore off and burned their clothes, cut off their ducktails and beat them h) But when Hispanics tried to fight back, the police moved in an arrested them i) In the aftermath of the zoot-suit riots, Los Angeles passed a law prohibiting the wearing of zoot suits 3. EXECUTIVE ORDER - no racial discrimination in WAR INDUSTRIES after A-A protest and threat to march on Washington in protest to discrimination

What was the executive order for the Japanese Internment camp

Another EXECUTIVE ORDER - JAPANESE INTERNMENT after Pearl Harbor 1. President put them in internment camps (aka concentration camps) a) executive order that put the Japanese in internment camps which is a poorly treated place and it is basically a concentration camp which we did not call it because it would be hypocritical of us b) after pearl harbor, the west is all jittery that is why we had this executive order and that is what Hitler said about the Jewish camps c) ONLY THE JAPANESE AMERICANS ON THE WEST COAST ARE IN THE CAMPS 2. there was not much fighting back against Japanese American because their culture is highly poliet a) It is a culture of obedience to authority they behaved much like the Jews did in Germany because they were being lead by authority b) There was not a lot of mass escapes because they were out in the desert 3. Put them in internment/concentration camps. World War I had produced widespread hatred, vindictiveness, and hysteria in America, as well as widespread and flagrant violations of civil liberties World War II did not produce a comparable era of repression 4. the government barred from the mails a few papers it considered seditious, among them Father Coughlin's anti-Semitic and pro-fascist Social Justice, but there was no general censorship of dissident publications a) the most ambitious effort to punish domestic fascists, a sedition trial of twenty-eight people, ended in a mistrial and the defendants went free b) Unlike during World War I, the government generally left socialists and communist (most of whom strongly supported the war effort) alone-although the Roosevelt administration summarily and secretly executed a number of German spies who had entered the country c) Nor was there much of the ethnic or cultural animosity that had shaped the social climate of the United States during World War I d) the zoot suit riots in Los Angeles and occasional racial conflicts in American cities and on military bases made clear that traditional racial and ethnic hostilities had not disappeared e) So did wartime restrictions imposed on some Italians including provisions forbidding many of them to travel and imprisoning several hundred f) The great opera singer Ezio Pinza was classified as an enemy alien g) but on the whole, the war worked more to blur ethnic distinctions than to heighten them Americans continued to eat sauerkraut without calling it by the World War I name "liberty cabbage" h) They displayed relatively little hostility toward German or Italian Americans 5. Instead, they seemed on the whole to share the view of their government's propaganda: that the enemy was less the German and Italian people than the vicious political systems to which they had succumbed a) In popular culture, and in everyday interactions, ethnicity bgan to seem ess a source of menacing difference-as it often hd in the past- and more evidence of healthy diversity b) The participation and frequent heroism of American soldiers of many ethnic backgrounds encouraged this change c) But there was a glaring exception to the general rule of tolerance: the treatment of the small, politically powerless group of Japanese Americans d) From the beginning, Americans adopted a different attitude toward their Asian enemy than they did toward their European foes e) The Japanese, both government and private propaganda encouraged Americans to believe were a devious, malign, and cruel people f) The infamous attack on Pearl harbor seemed to many to confirm that assessment g) This racial animosity soon extended to Americans of Japanese descent 6. There were not many Japanese Americans in the continental United States, only about 127,00 most of them concentrated in a few areas in California a) About a third of them were naturalized, first-generation immigrants (Issei); two thirds were naturalized or native-born citizens of the United States (Nisei) b) The Japanese in America, like the Chinese, had long been the targets of ethnic and racial animosity; and unlike members of European ethnic groups, who had encountered similar resentment Asians seemed unable to dispel prejudices against them no matter how assimilated they became many white Americans continued to consider Asians (even native-born citizens) so foreign that they could ever become real Americans c) Partly as a result, much of the Japanese American population in the West continued to live in close knit, to some degree even insular, communities, which reinforced the belief that they were alien and potentially menacing d) Pearl Harbor inflamed these long-standing suspicions and turned hem to active animosity Wild Stories circulated about how the Japanese in Hawaii had helped sabotage Pearl Harbor and how Japanese Americans in California were conspiring to aid an enemy landing on the Pacific coast e) There was no evidence to support any of these charges; but according to Earl Warren, then attorney general of California, the apartment passivity of the Japanese americans was itself evidence of the danger they posed f) Because they did nothing to allow officials to gauge their intentions, Warren claimed, it was all the more important to take precautions against conspiracies g) Although there was some public pressure in California to remove the Japanese threat on the whole popular sentiment was more tolerant of the Nisei and Issei (and more willing to make distinctions between them and the Japanese in Japan) than was official sentiment 7. The real impetus for taking action came from the government a) Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox, for example said shortly after Pearl Harbor that "the most effective fifth column (a term for internal sabotage) work of the entire was was done in Hawaii b) That statement clearly referring to the large Japanese population these, later proved to be entirely false c) General John L DeWitt, the senior military commander on the West Coast, claimed to have no confidence in Japanese American loyalty whatsoever d) When asked about the distinction between naturalized Japanese immigrants and American citizens, he said "A jap is a jap it makes no difference whether he is an American citizen or not" e) In February 1942, in response to such pressure (and over the objections of the attorney general and J Edgar Hoover, the director of the FBI) President Roosevelt authorized the army to intern the Japanese Americans f) He created the War Relocation Authority (WRA) to oversee the project g) More than 100,000 people (Issei and Nisei alike) were rounded up, told to dispose of their property however they could (which often meant simply abandoning it) and taken to what the government euphemistically termed relocation centers in the interior h) In fact, they were facilities little different from prisons, many of them located in the western mountains and the desert i) Conditions in the internment camps were not brutal, but they were harsh and uncomfortable government officials talked of them as places where they Japanese could be socialized and Americanized j) but the internment camps were more a target of white economic aspirations than of missionary work k) The governor of Utah, where many of the internees were located, wanted the federal government to turn over thousands of Japanese Americans to serve as forced laborers l) Washington did not comply, but the WRA did hire out many inmates as agricultural laborers 8. The internment never produced significant popular opposition a) For the most part, once the Japanese were in the camps, other Americans (including their former neighbors on the West Coast) largely forgot about them, except to make strenuous efforts to acquire the property they had abandoned b) Even so, beginning in 1943 conditions slowly improved c) Some young Japanese Americans left the camps to attend colleges and universities (mostly in the East- the WAR continued to be wary of letting Japanese return to the Pacific Coast) d) others were permitted to move to cities to take factory and service jobs (although, again, not on the West Coast) e) Some young men joined and others were drafted into the American military; a Nisei army unit fought with distinction in Europe 9. KOREMATSU v US. KOREMATSU TRIED TO GET THE ORDER DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL, BUT FAILED

Why is Austria annexed to Germany

Austria ANNEXED 1938 1. In March 1938, German forces marched into Austria and Hitler proclaimed a union (or Anschluss) between Austria, his native land, and Germany, his adopted one, thus fulfilling his longtime dream of uniting the German speaking peoples in one great nation 2. Neither in America nor in most of Europe was there much more than a murmur of opposition 3. On Film, this was legally done a) The Austrians volunteered to be annexed by Germany b) Austrians and Germans are pretty close to each other so they were fine with it c) Hitler held a gun to the leader of Austria's head and told them to sign the paper d) Austrians hated Jews worse than Germans and Hitler is German e) It looked like to the world that this was legal, but it was forced

What happens in the Battle of Britain

BATTLE OF BRITAIN 1. GERMANY BOMBS LONDON FOR 9 MONTHS CHURCHILL "...WE WILL NEVER SURRENDER!" a) England is by themselves after Poland and France fall b) People believe that England will fall soon as soon as Germany learns how to attack across the England channel 2. Hitler decides to bomb London crazy in order to win a) London shot down some planes but most bomb London b) 2-4 times a day the Luftwaffe bombs London for 9 months c) Germans have too many planes that the RAF can't shut down d) England refuses to surrender 3. Germany then switches to nighttime bombing with new technology so they couldn't get bombed down a) People spent all day and night in the bomb bunker, or in the seawards 4. Royal airforce tried to engage the Luftwaffe over the English channel a) sounded the air sirens to give people warning and when the Germans switched to the nighttime bombing, they couldn't do this 5. English would have given up if it wasn't for Churchill a) churchill is the reason the allies win because he won't let Britain quit b) Churchill and the royal family refused to leave London, which rallied the family behind them

what is the impacts of the Battle of Stalingrad

BATTLE OF STALINGRAD WINTER 1944-45 1. it is really really cold and brutal temperature 2. Stalin and Hitler knew that whoever was going to win the Battle of Stalingrad would win the war 3. The Germans lost and the reverse began 4. Hitler only had to hold on to his scientist experiments 5. DEATHS: a) 3/4 mil. Germans b) between 3/4-1 mil. Soviet troops c) 40,000 Stalingrad citizens 5. Germany retreats now on all fronts a) results in a 3 prong push towards Germany b) This is the time when Hitler starts to loose his mind and come unhinged 6. While the Allies were fighting their way through France, Soviet forces were sweeping westward into central Europe and the Balkans a) In late January 1945, the Russians launched a great offensive toward the Oder River inside Germany b) In early spring, they were ready to launch a final assault against Berlin 3. By then, Omar Bradley's First Army was pushing into Germany from the west a) Early in March, his forces captured the city of Cologne, on the west bank of the Rhine b) The next day, in a remarkable stroke of good fortune, he discovered and seized an undamaged bridge over the river at Remagen; Allied troops were soon pouring across the Rhine 4. In the following weeks the British field marshal Bernard Montgomery, commander of Allied ground operations on D-Day and after, pushed into northern Germany with a million troops, while Bradley's army sweeping through central Germany, completed the encirclement of 300,000 German soldiers in the Ruhr a) The German resistance was now broken on both fronts b) American forces were moving eastward faster than they had anticipated and could have beaten the Russian to Berlin and Prague c) Instead, the American and British high commands decided to halt the advance along the Elbe River in central Germany to await the Russians d) That decisions enabled the Soviets to occupy eastern Germany and Czechoslovakia

How did Mussolini rise to power

BENITO MUSSOLINI -Italy came to power by a COUP a) Came to power by a popular Coup 1. Mussolini overthrow the government and the people were cheering him because they did not like their government a) He is popularly supported because the people believe that the government is a wreck and nothing gets done b) Mussolini is known as il Duche 2. He invented FASCISM (TOTALITARIANISM state more important than individual) a) Fascism has no collectivization of farms this is the only thing that separates fascism from communism b) the government can take over businesses in the cities and run them if they choose to there is no right to private property, but you can keep it if you let them tax you and you support the state c) the state needs the money, not individuals 3. Used fear of communist takeover- support fascism because he is keeping the communism out 4.. Used nationalism and militarism. Return to the greatness of Rome! a) our countries needs come first and we get to smash yours if you get in our way b) militarism, he promises that the Roman empire is coming back

What is the cause and effects of the lend-lease act

CONGRESS PASSES CASH & CARRY ACT, AND LATER WHEN THE ALLIES ARE OUT OF MONEY, THE LEND AND LEASE ACT 1. when Britain runs out of cash and carry money, we move to Lend-lease 2. In the last weeks of 1940, with the election behind him, Roosevelt began to make subtle but profound changes in the American role in the war a) More than aiding Britain, he was moving the United States closer to entering the war 3. In December 1940, Great Britain was virtually bankrupt a) No longer could the British meet the cash-and-carry requirements imposed by the Neutrality Acts; yet England's needs, Churchill insisted, were greater than ever b) The president, therefore, suggested a method that would eliminate the dollar sign from all arms transactions c) The new system was labeled "lend-lease" d) It would allow the government not only to sell but also to lend or lease armaments to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States" e) In other words, America could funnel weapons to England on the basis of no more than Britain's promise to return or pay for them when the war was over 4. Isolationists attacked the measure bitterly, arguing (correctly) that it was simply a device to tie the United States more closely to the Allies; but Congress enacted the bill by wide margins a) With lend-lease established, Roosevelt soon faced another serious problem: ensuring that the American supplies would actually reach Great Britain b) Shipping lanes in the Atlantic had become extremely dangerous; German submarines destroyed as much as a half-million tons of shipping each month c) The British navy was losing ships more rapidly than it could replace them and was finding it difficult to transport material across the Atlantic from America d) Secretary of War Henry Stimson (who had been Hoover's secretary of state and who returned to the cabinet at Roosevelt's request in 1940) argued that the United States should itself convy vessels to England; but Roosevelt decided to rely instead on the concept of "hemispheric defense" by which the United States navy would defend transport ships only in the western Atlantic- which he argued was a neutral zone and the responsibility of the American nations e) By July 1941, American ships were patrolling the ocean as far east as Iceland, escorting convoys of merchant ships and radioing information to British vessels about the location of Nazi submarines

What is the selective service act

CONGRESS PASSES THE SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT INCREASES THE DRAFT 1. Congress was aware of the change and was becoming more willing to permit expanded American assistance to the Allies 2. It was also becoming more concerned about the need for internal preparations for war, and in September it approved the Burke-Wadsworth Act, inaugurating the first peacetime military draft in American history 3. Roosevelt asks Congress to reinstate the selective service act a) This was a draft and it can be reinstated at anytime b) Pragmatic reason: we are going to war so we need trained soldiers now to train the drafted soldiers after we get into the war c) also to give the people jobs during the depression

What is the Criticism of FDR and the New Deals

Criticized enormously 1. More menacing to the New Deal than either the far right or the far left was a group of dissident political movements that defied say ideological classification 2. Some gained substantial public support within particular states and regions 3. And three men succeeded in mobilizing genuinely national followings: a) Dr. Francis E Townsend b) Huey Long c) Father Charles E Coughlin 4. LIBERALS SAID HE NEEDED TO DO MORE TO HELP THE UNDERCLASS AND DISPLACE AND MARGINALIZED THAT HE WAS A CAPITALIST a) helping his "rich Jewish" businessmen friends Roosevelt's critics on the far left also managed to produce alarm among some supporters to have only limited strength b) The Communist Party, and the Socialist Party, and other radical and semi radical organizations were at times harshly critical of the New Deal c) But they too, failed to attract genuine mass support 5. CONSERVATIVES SAID HE DID TOO MUCH TO CONTROL THE ECONOMY AND ENABLED SLACKERS TO NOT ACHIEVE-CRITICIZED HIM AS a) Some of the most strident attacks on the New Deal came from critics on the right b) Roosevelt had tried for a time to conciliate conservatives and business leaders c) By the end of 1934, however, it was clear that the American right in general, ad much of the corporate world in particular, had become irreconcilably hostile to the New Deal d) In August 1934, a group of the most fervent and wealthiest Roosevelt opponents led by members of the Du Pont Family, reshaped the American Liberty League (formed initially to oppose prohibition of liquor) to arouse public opposition e) to the New Deal's dictatorial policies and its supposed attacks on free enterprise f) But the new organization was never able to expand its constituency much beyond the northern industrialists who had founded it

what happens at Normandy? What is the date called?

D-DAY - NORMANDY France 1. Germany and Hitler knows that the United states is coming just does not where 2. Hitler has been building fortress Europe along the French coast that makes it impossible to invade a) it is like a huge fort that is impossible to break for four years, the united states sent ship after ship carrying soldiers, bombs, tanks, grenades to Britain making it an entire arsenal 3. the allies are going to jump off the coast of England to France 4. The US keeps faking the Germans a) Eisenhower disinforms the Nazi and gives it to the spies so the Nazi are getting disinformation that is conflicting b) He knows that there are spies so he wants to confuse them c) This is brilliant d) In 1944, closer to the invasion, the US creates fake military units ( cause the Germans can take pictures of the ground and take military build up to find out where the invasion will come from) e) The propaganda department creates fake war units with wooden men and balloons that look like tanks or airplanes and moved them all over the coast of great britain f) they deflated the balloons after dark and inflate them after dark waiting for the next fly over pictures the next month g) continue this for two years 5. There were volunteers that were sent over French lines to spy and be caught, tortured and killed to give false information to the enemy a) They did so much to try and fake out Germany Hitler thought fortress Europe was literally impenetrable and he was too busy fighting on the eastern front against the soviet union and in italy because the allies invaded italy and were defeating the italians b) The Nazi end up treating the Italians so badly that they kill Mussolini and the Nazi and pull out of the war c) he bombed london and tried to bomb the military units but it was not his focus 6. Hitler is fighting on Two fronts and really thinks that forterage europe is impenetrable so his major focus was elsewhere a) He is too busy fighting the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front and Defending Italy to worry about the allies b) The real invasion happens at Normandy France which is the shortest distance from France to England c) other guys attack other places as total diversions d) Some guys were the attack that had to succeed and the other guys were on a suicide mission as a total diversion e) It was the largest aquatic attack and a lot of things were messed up and we almost lost 7. The Nai soliders were giving hitler information on when the other side would attack because of the spying and they studied the force of the tide a) they told him a week before that it will be Normandy so they had all of their reserves to Normandy b) Normally they had the regular forces at the Fortress Europe and then reserves c) A couple days before, Hitler believes that it will happen elsewhere and moves his reserves away 8. by early 1944, American and British bombers were attacking German industrial installations and other target almost around the clock, drastically cutting production and impeding transportation a) Especially devastating was the massive bombing of such German cities as Leipzig, Dresden, ad Gerlin, attacks that often made few distinctions between industrial sites and residential ones b) A February 1945 incendiary raid on Dresden created a great firestorm that destroyed 3/4ths of the previously undamaged city and killed approximately 135,000 people, almost all civilians c) Military leaders claimed that the bombing destroyed industrial facilities, demoralized the population, and cleared the way for the great Allied invasion of France planned for the late spring d) The air battles over Germany considerably weakened the Luftwaffe (the German air force) and made it a less formidable obstacle to the ALlies invasion 9. Preparations for the invasion were also assisted by the breaking of the Enigma code a) An enormous invasion force had been gathering in England for two years; almost 3 million troops, and perhaps the greatest array of naval vessels and armaments ever assembled in one place b) On the morning of June 6, 1944, D-Day, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces, sent this bast armada into action c) the landing came not at the narrowest part of the English Channel, where the Germans had expected and prepared for it, but along sixty miles of the Cotentin Peninsula on the coast of Normandy d) While airplanes and battleships offshore bombarded the Nazi defenses, 4,000 vessels landed troops and supplies on the beaches e) Three divisions of paratroopers had been dropped behind the German lines the night before, amid scenes of great confusion, to seize critical roads and bridges for the push inland f) Fighting was intense along the beach, but the superior manpower and equipment of the Allied forces gradually prevailed g) Within week, the German forces had been dislodged from virtually the entire Normandy coast 10. For the next month, further progress remained slow a) But in late July in the Battle of Saint-Lo, General Omar Bradley's First Amy smashed through the German lines b) George S. Patton's Third Army, spearheaded by heavy tank attacks, then moved through the hole Bradley had created and began a drive into the heart of France c) on August 25, Free French forces arrived in Paris and liberated the city from four years of German occupation d) And by mid-September, the Allied armies had driven the Germans almost entirely out of France and Belgium

What does Genocide mean

DEATH CONCENTRATION CAMPS-GENOCIDE (ETHNIC CLEANSING) a) Genocide or Ethnic Cleansing (same thing): the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. 1. Jews were killed at all camps, but some camps were specifically targeted for death a) all of the camps with gas chambers were located outside of Germany b) some camps, the Jews were forced into slave labor or forced to do experiments which later resulted in their death c) The most famous is Auschwitz, but they were all equally as terrible d) many concentration camps were holding places before the death camps 2. Germans worked hard until D-Day to keep up the appearance that there were no death camps a) Many camps specialized like Medical camps for experiments b) There were more concentration camps because they served purposes like factories or prostitution or jewelers so they did not want to be killed right away c) Hitler did not have his best soldiers guarding the camp, but Hitler believes that he will have the rest of the time to kill them all 3. In dealing with the global crisis, the leaders of the American government were confronted with one of history's great horrors: the Nazi campaign to exterminate the Jews of Europe- the Holocaust a) As early of 1942, high officials in Washington had incontrovertible evidence that Hitler's forces were rounding up Jews and others (including non-Jewish Poles, gypsies, homosexuals, and communists) from all over Europe, transporting them to concentration camps in eastern Germany and Poland, and systematically murdering them 4. The death toll would ultimately reach 6 million Jews and approximately 4 million others a) News of the atrocities was reaching the public as well, and public pressure began to build for an Allied effort to end the killing or at least to rescue some of the surviving Jews

What is the third reich

Declared the THIRD REICH as a different name than the Weimar Republic would last 1,000 years. 1. Hitler is telling the world that the Weimar Republic is gone by declaring the Third Reich 2. It separates him from the Republic 3. He is announcing that his empire will last a thousand years 4. This is rhetoric

What is the effect of the New Deal? Did it end the Depression?

Did not end Depression but: 1. HELPED REDUCE SUFFERING a) the most frequent criticisms of the New Deal involved its failure genuinely to revive or reform the American economy b) New Dealers never fully embraced government spending as a vehicle for recovery, and their efforts along other lines never succeeded in ending the Depression c) The economic boom sparked by World War II, not the New Deal, finally ended the crisis d) Nor did the New Deal substantially alter the distribution of power within American capitalism, and it had only a small impact on the distribution of wealth among the American people e) Nevertheless, the New Deal did have important and lasting effects on both the behavior and the structure of the American economy f) It helped elevate new groups, workers, farmers, and others, to positions from which they could at times effectively challenge the power of the corporations g) It contributed to the economic development of the West and to a lesser degree, the South h) It increased the regulatory functions of the federal government in ways that helped stabilize previously troubled areas of the economy: the stock market, the banking system, and others i) Many o these regulations were weakened or repealed beginning in the 1970s and beyond j) And the administration helped establish the basis for new forms of federal fiscal policy which in the postwar years would give the government tools for promoting and regulating economic growth k) The New Deal also created the basis of the federal welfare state, through its many relief programs and above all through the Social Security system l) The conservative inhibitions New Dealers brought to this task ensured that the welfare system would be limited in its impact (at least in comparison with those of other industrial nations), would reinforce some traditional patterns or gender and racial discrimination, and would be expensive and cumbersome to administer m) But for all its limits, the new system marked a historic break with the federal government's traditional reluctance to offer public assistance to its neediest citizens 2. GAVE CONFIDENCE TO THE PEOPLE THAT FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WAS ON THE JOB, FIXING THINGS a) Perhaps the most dramatic effect of the New Deal was on the structure behavior of American government itself and on the character of American politics b) Franklin Roosevelt helped enhance the power of the federal government as a whole c) By the end of the 1930s, state and local governments were clearly of secondary importance to the government in Washington Roosevelt also established the presidency as the preeminent center of authority within the federal government 3. CREATED A GENERATION THAT EXPECTED FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AS A SOLUTION TO THE PEOPLE'S PROBLEMS a) The New Deal had a profound impact on how the American people defined themselves politically b) It took a weak, divided Democratic Party, which had been a minority force in American politics for many decades, and turned it into a mighty coalition that would dominate national party competition for more than forty years, it turned the attention of many voters away from some of the cultural issues that had preoccupied them in the 1920s and awakened in them an interest in economic matters c) of direct importance to their lives d) And it created among the American people greatly increased expectations of government, expectations that the New Deal itself did not always fulfill but that survived to become the basis of new liberal crusades in the postwar era

What is the impact of Eleanor Roosevelt's popularity

ELEANOR 1. his wife (also his far away cousin) a) They are not in love by the time he is president they are respectful of each other but not in love husbands and wives do not spend a lot of time in politics b) She is a terrible nag, but he is a terrible slob when it came to their marriage c) It burned the whole in the marriage d) They work together really well 2. America loved Eleanor Roosevelt a) He told the American people that she is his eyes, ears, and legs b) he sent her out because he couldn't from his paralysis c) She went out and meet the people d) She did not like it cause she was never home, but she did it e) SHE IS ONE OF THE MOVE POPULAR FIRST LADIES 3. SHE IS ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL WOMEN OF THE 20TH CENTURY a) she wrote FDR letters and called him about everywhere she during the great depression everywhere she went, after she left, stuff happened and things were fixed b) She is very popular and this makes them a good team c) She was very tough, which also made her popular

How does the war in Europe end?

END OF WAR IN EUROPE a) In the middle of 1943, America and its allies had succeeded in stopping the Axis advance both in Europe and in the Pacific b) In the next two years, the ALlies themselves seized the offensive and launched a series of powerful drives that rapidly led the way to victory 1. D-DAY - NORMANDY France a) THE BATTLE OF THE BULGE: 2. . Push up through Italy into Fr and Germany - Italy quits 3. . Battle of Stalingrad winter 1944-45 4. Hitler working on A-bomb, fighter jets, rockets - war could still be won, but runs out of time, assassination attempts Hitler kills himself 5. US working on MANHATTAN PROJECT TOO 6. V.E. DAY

What is an executive order?what was the purpose of the executive order against discrimination in war industries?

EXECUTIVE ORDER - no racial discrimination in WAR INDUSTRIES after A-A protest and threat to march on Washington in protest to discrimination 1. Executive order: a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law. a) It is not literally a law, but it carries the force of a law b) The president has a power that he is allowed to do (commander in chief) so if something is interfering with his ability to do his job, he can make a law 2. African American males were recruited by factories again to do work in the south (women could not do it all and needed males) a) They got more people then they needed and did not hire the African Americans b) so they went to another factory and they were not hired because of their race 3. In the summer of 1941, A. Philip Randolph, president of the predominantly black Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, began to insist that the government require companies receiving defense contracts to integrate their work forces a) Randolph told Roosevelt to do something about the discrimination of black americans in the war industry b) he threatened to have a black strike nationwide and call out the hypocrisy on the world stage c) ruin the war effort by doing this d) Roosevelt knew that Randolph could did it so he issued an executive order for not racial discrimination in the war industries only e) cause the government is paying for the war industries f) So if the businesses discriminate, they will lose the government contract or take over the factory until the war is over g) The march never happened, but Dr King is a kid during this time and organizes his march on Washington h) Applied to primarily African Americans and much less to other races (Latinos, Native Americans, and Asians) i) To mobilize support for the demand, Randolph planned a massive march on Washington, which would, he promised, bring more than 100,000 demonstrators to the capital j) Roosevelt was afraid of both the possibility of violence and the certainty of political embarrassment k) He finally persuaded Randolph to cancel the march in return for a promise to establish a Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination in war industries 4. The FEPC"s enforcement powers, and thus its effectiveness, were limited, but its creation was a rae symbolic victory for African Americans making demands of the government a) The demand for labor in war plants greatly increased the migration of blacks from the rural areas of the South into industrial cities- a migration that continued for more than a decade after the war and brought many more African Americans into northern cities than the Great Migration of 1914-1919 had done b) the migration bettered the economic condition of many African Americans, but it also created urban tensions c) on a hot June day in Detroit in 1943, a series of altercations between blacks and whites at a city party led to two days of racial violence in which thirty-four people died, twenty-five of them African Americans d) Despite such tensions, the leading black organizations redoubled their efforts during the war to challenge the system of segregation 5. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized in 1942, mobilized mass popular resistance to discriminations had never done Randolph, Bayard Rustin, James Farmer, and other younger black leaders helped organized sit ins and democrations in segregated theaters and restaurants a) In 1944, CORE won a much publicized victory by forcing a Washington DC restaurant to agree to serve African Americans b) CORE's defiant spirit would survive into the 1950s and help produce the civil rights movement 6. THE EXECUTIVE ORDER COVERED UNIONS AND INDUSTRY-THEY WILL LOSE GOVERNMENT MONEY AND FINDED IF THEY DID DISCRIMINATE a) the executive order covers union too b) if unions were denying black membership they would be funded and the leaders could go to jail c) From 1941 to 1945, the federal government spent a total of $321 billion-twice as much as it had spent in the entire 150 ears of its existence to that point, and ten times as much as the cost of World War I d) The national debt rose from $49 billion in 1941 to $259 billion in 1945 e) The government borrowed about half the revenues it needed by selling $100 billion worth of bonds, some sold to ordinary citizens, but most to financial institutions f) Much of the rest it raised by radically increasing income taxes through the Revenue Act Of 1942, which established a 94% rate for the highest brackets and for the first time, imposed taxes on the lowest-income families as well g) To simplify collection, Congress enacted a withholding system of payroll deductions in 1943

What are the causes of the rise of dictators/totalitarianism

Europeans used to monarchies so transition to TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS/ TOTALITARIANISM was easier than democracy for them. 1. WWI ended with the Versailles treaties 2. All of the new countries that were formed were forced to be democracies, when they had prior been monarchies a) They were forced to be democratic, and it is the hardest form of government (cause you have to think for yourself) b) The people were used to doing what they were told and did not know how to make a decision on their own c) It was easier to turn to Totalitarianism to replace their monarchs when thinks go bad because THEY LOOKED TO STRONG MEN TO PROTECT THEM d) Totalitarianism: total rule over the people 3. Respond to leadership of a strongman (or in some rare cases women) a) They wanted the leader to have the it factor b) Hitler, Mussolini had the it factor that people wanted for leadership

How does the federal government expand its power over society

Expand federal control over economy and society -federal money spent to restart the economy 1. IT EXPANDS THE POWER OF THE PRESIDENT a) The power of the President starting with TR has expanded the power of the presidency 2. Federal money used to "PRIME THE PUMP" (PUMP PRIMING) - stimulated growth. a) ANOTHER WING OF WHITE HOUSE IS ADDED TO HOUSE MORE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REGULATORY OFFICES b) There are more federal government offices created by the New Deal so they add on to the White House c) they higher more people to regulate industries d) MAKE THE GOVERNMENT MORE POWERFUL e) safer vs less freedom f) TR was the first to expand, FDR followed 3. USED DEFICIT SPENDING TO GET THE CASH-BORROW $ FROM FUTURE TAX COLLECTIONS 4. ALMOST ALL OF THE NEW DEAL PROGRAMS THAT WERE CREATED TO HIRE PEOPLE AND PAY THEM AND THEY WERE DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL BY THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT a) no where does it say that the United States government can buy everything and pay the people b) The people loved FDR cause people had jobs and had some money, even if it did not end the Depression c) ALL OF THESE NEW PROGRAMS CREATE NEW JOBS AND INCREASE GOVERNMENT POWER

what two acts are reinstated during world war II? Who is in charge of enforcing them?

FBI all over ESPIONAGE & SEDITION 1. Herbert Hoover is back enforcing the law 2. sedition: to organize rebellion 3.Espionage: spying a) has a very large and broad definition

What is the argument between the interventionist and the isolationist in the United States

FDR INTERVENTIONIST/CONGRESS AND PEOPLE ISOLATIONIST, BUT... 1. FDR slowly creeps the people to become interventionist and get involved in the war Pearl Harbor motivates us to sudden action, but not to sudden war 2. the first years of the Roosevelt administration marked not only the death of Hoover's hopes for international economic agreements but the end of any hopes for world peace through treaties and disarmament as well a) The arms control conference in Geneva had been meeting without result, since 1932 and in May 1933, Roosevelt attempted to spur it to action by submitting a new American proposal for arms reductions b) Negotiations stalled and then broke down; and only a few months later, first Hitler and then Mussolini withdrew from the talks altogether c) Two years later, Japan withdrew from the London Naval Conference, which was attempting to draw up an agreement to continue the limitations on naval armaments negotiated at the Washington Conference of 1921 c) Faced with a choice between more active efforts to stabilize the world and more energetic attempts to isolate the nation from it, most Americans unhesitatingly chose the latter 3. Support for isolationism emerged from many quarters a) Old Wilsonian internationalists had grown disillusioned with the League of Nations and its inability to stop Japanese aggression in Asia b) Other Americans were listening to the argument (popular among populist-minded politicians in the Midwest and West) that powerful business interests- Wall Street, munitions makers, and others- had tricked the United States into participating in World War I c) An investigation by a Senate committee chaired by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota revealed exorbitant profiteering and blatant tax evasion by many corporations during the war, and it suggested (on the basis of little evidence) that bankers had pressured Wilson to intervene in the war so as to protect their loans abroad d) Roosevelt himself shared some of the suspicions voiced by the isolationists and claimed to be impressed by the findings of the Nye investigation e) Nevertheless, he continued to hope for at least a modest American role in maintaining world peace 4. In 1935, he asked the Senate to ratify a treaty to make the United States a member of the World Court- a treaty that would have expanded America's symbolic commitment to internationalism without increasing its actual responsibilities in any important way a) Nevertheless, isolationist opposition (spurred by unrelenting hostility from the Hearst newspapers and a passionate broadcast by Father Charles Coughlin on the eve of the Senate vote) resulted in the defeat of the treaty b) It was a devastating political blow to the president, and he did not soon again attempt to challenge the isolationist tide c) That tide seemed to grow stronger in the following months 5. Roosevelt was able to take such steps in part because of a major shift in American public opinion a) Before the invasion of France, most Americans had believed that a German victory in the war would not be a threat to the United States b) By July, with France defeated and Britain threatened, more than 66% of the public (according to opinion polls believed that Germany posed a direct threat to the United States c) But the forces of isolation may have weakened, they were far from dead 6. A spirited and at times vicious debate began in the spring of 1940 between those activists who advocated expanded American involvement in the war (who were termed, OFTEN INACCURATELY INTERVENTIONIST) and those who continued to insist on neutrality a) the celebrated journalist William Allen White served as chairman of a new Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies whose members lobbied actively for increased American assistance to the Allies but opposed actual intervention others went so far as to urge an immediate declaration of war (a position that as yet had little public support) and in April 1941 created an organization of their own, the Flight For Freedom Committee b) Opposing them was a powerful new lobby called the America First Committee, which attracted some of America's most prominent leaders c) its chairman was General Robert E Wood, until recently the president of Sears Roebuck and its membership included Charles Lindbergh, General Hugh Johnson, Senator Gerald Nye, and Senator Burton Wheeler d) It won the editorial support of the Hearst chain and other influential newspapers, and it had at least the indirect support of a large proportion of the Republican Party (It also, inevitably, attracted a fringe of Nazi sympathizers and anti-Semites) e) The debate between the two sides was loud and bitter 7. through the summer and fall of 1940, moreover, it was complicated by a presidential campaign

What is the Atlantic charter

FDR MAKES THE ATLANTIC CHARTER WITH CHURCHILL: MEET SECRETLY AND AGREE THAT: 1. US will be coming into the war on the side of Allies 2. Form the UN after the war and the 2 would lead it a) not even in the war yet and already planning on what to do when we end it and win 3. No colonial gains for either one set everyone free 4. Go after Hitler 1st no matter how the US gets into the war 5. FDR meets with Churchill in the middle of the Atlantic ocean in the middle of the war a) If the Germans found out that Churchill and Roosevelt were in a ship in the middle of the ocean, the Germans would have tried to blow it up b) This would have caused the war to be over Britain is now alone against Italy, Japan, and Germany c) they have no allies except their colonies the have no major nation to help them out d) Churchill is the only reason Britain did not surrender 6. They sign the Atlantic charter totally in secret in world war I, we were never officially part of the allies and did our own thing for our own defense a) Churchill asks him what side Roosevelt will be on (is he going to join Britain) b) Roosevelt tells him that he will be joining with Britain and Churchill wants to know when, but Roosevelt doesn't know c) Churchill wants to know what it will take to get the US in the war and Roosevelt said that it would have to be something really big d) Churchill knew about the attack on Pearl Harbor and did not tell us because he wanted us to be involved in the war e) Roosevelt is sad that men and they have to go to war died but not ticked off because he knew that it had to happen eventually f) Roosevelt would have done the same thing, the same way g) Can't afford to be angry 8. At the same time Germany was attacking America vessels, a series of meetings, some private and one public, were trying the United States and Great Britain more closely together a) In April 1941, senior military officers of the two nations met in secret and agreed on the joint strategy they would follow where the United States to enter the war b) In August, Roosevelt met with Churchill aboard a British vessel anchored off the coast of Newfoundland c) The president made no military commitments, but he did join the prime minister in releasing a document that became known as the Atlantic Charter, in which the two nations set out "certain common principles" on which to base "a better future for the world" d) It was, in only vaguely disguised form, a statement of war aims that called openly for, among other things, "the final destruction of the Nazi tyranny e) By the fall of 1941, it seemed only a matter of time before the United States became an official belligerent f) Roosevelt remained convinced that public opinion would support a declaration of war only in the event of an actual enemy attack g) But an attack seemed certain to come, if not in the Atlantic, then in the Pacific

What is the meaning of arsenal of democracy

FDR announces the US will be "THE ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY" - no longer neutral we will produce weapons for the Allies - the UK, USSR a) do this because we are the arsenal of democracy b) We were using the British and Russians to kill the axis so there are less of the axis powers to kill us later

What are the effects of the fire side chats

FIRESIDE CHATS 1. He was the first president to make regular use of the radio, and his friendly "fireside chats" during which he explained his programs and plants to the people, helped public confidence in the administration 2. Roosevelt held frequent informal press conferences and won the respect and the friendship of most reporters a) Their regard for him was such that by unwritten agreement, no journalist ever photographed the president getting into or out of his car or sitting in his wheelchair b) Most of the american public remained unaware throughout the Roosevelt years that the president's legs were completely paralyzed 3. This is a PR name a) He is trying to create an image of him seating in your parlor next to the fire and talk to you b) He talked to the people c) told them that Eleanor had been to some place, we are going to do something about a problem

How does France fall? What is Vichy France?

Fall of France- MAGINOT LINE fails - old strategy 1. After the Non-aggression Pact, France was next France had built the Maginot line after World War I as their defense, but it is bad because they can just go around a) Blitzkrieg is all about planes flying and tanks running through the Maginot line b) It is a stupid plan 2. Before he attacks Belgium, Denmark, Norway, and the Netherlands which are easy to crush a) The french was counting on the Belgians and Danish to help protect them b) Whatever illusions anyone may have had about the reality of the war in western Europe were shattered in the spring of 1940 when Germany launched an invasion to the west- first attacking Denmark and Norway, sweeping next across the Netherlands and Belgium, and driving finally deep into the heart of France c) Allied efforts proved futile against the Nazi blitzkrieg d) One western European stronghold after another fell into Germany's hands 3. The Germans go around the Maginot line most French soldiers never got out a) the fixed fort was an old technology and blitzkrieg was new and faster b) On June 10, Mussolini brought Italy into the war, invading France from the south as Hitler was attacking from the north c) On June 22, finally, France fell to the German onslaught d) Nazi troops marched into Paris e) And in all of Europe, only the shattered remnants of the British army, rescued from the beaches of Dunkirk by a flotilla of military and civilian vessels assembled miraculously quickly, remained to oppose the Axis forces f) FRANCE FALLS IN WEEKS BECAUSE OF THE FAILURE OF THE MAGINOT LINE AND BECAUSE OF VICHY FRANCE 4. VICHY FRANCE VOLUNTEERS TO BECOME NAZI a) A new collaborationist regime assembled in Vichy b) There are two parts of France, Vichy which is the France that surrounded and then there is occupied France which is run by German soldiers c) There were leaders in southern France that saw the destruction of Poland and decided that when the Nazi come that they will surrender or the Germans will cause suffering and destruction d) They send word to the Riech that when the Germans come that they surrender and are willing to be Nazi e) They persecute Jews f) THIS ALLOWS FOR FRANCE TO FALL IN 2 WEEKS g) no country has ever fallen in two weeks 5. OCCUPIED FRANCE BY GERMAN ARMY a) the rest of France was occupied by second-team german soldiers

What is pump priming/ prime the pump

Federal money used to "PRIME THE PUMP" (PUMP PRIMING) - stimulated growth. term for go spending money to start the economy a) The power is used from the federal treasury and other places to stimulate the economy b) PRIME THE PUMP: old word term to stimulate the economy c) comes from the idea of pumping water up a well, but overtime if you poke a hole in the pump and put water in it, water comes out faster d) THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUTS MONEY IN THE ECONOMY TO GET MONEY TO COME OUT OF IT e) still done today with infrastructure 1. Another wing of White House is added to house more federal government regulatory offices. a) There are more federal government offices created by the New Deal so they add on to the White House b) they higher more people to regulate industries c) MAKE THE GOVERNMENT MORE POWERFUL d) safer vs less freedom e) TR was the first to expand, FDR followed

what is the government control of the economy in world war II and what is the impacts

GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF ECONOMY BEYOND RATIONING 1. PRICE CONTROLS TO AVOID INFLATION a) just like in world war I the government sets maximum prices on stuff so there is no inflation b) Rationing causes shortages and inflation, which means that people would not be able to afford the goods 2. WORKED TO PREVENT STRIKES a) government works to prevent strikes going on strike in a munition factory is illegal b) take the business away or fine the business owner if he is treating he workers crappy the government arbitrated labor fights c) if you go on strike it is bad because it makes the other side hopeful and the US look bad on the world stage d) The war gave an enormous boost to union membership, which rose from about 10.5 million members in 1941 to more than 13 million in 1945 e) But it also created important new restrictions on the ability of unions to fight for their members' demands f) The government was principally interested in preventing inflation and in keeping production moving without disruption g) It managed to win important concessions from union leaders on both scores h) One was the so-called Little Steel formula, which set a 15% limit on wartime wage increase i) Another was the no strike pledge by which unions agreed not to stop production in wartime j) In return, the government provided labor with a maintenance-of-membership agreement which insisted that the thousands of new workers pouring into unionized defense plants would be automatically enrolled in the unions k) the agreement ensured the continued health of the union organizations, but in return workers had to give up the right to demand major economic gains during the war l) Many rank and file union members and some local union leaders resented the restrictions imposed on them by the government and the labor movement hierarchy m) Despite the no strike pledge, there were nearly 15,000 work stoppages during the war, mostly wildcat strikes (strikes authorized by the union leadership) n) When the United Mine workers defied the government by striking in May 1943, Congress reacted by passing, over Roosevelt's veto, the Smith-Connally Act (or the War Labor Disputes Act) which required unions to wait thirty days before striking and empowered the president to seize a struck war plant m) In the meantime, public animosity toward labor rose rapidly, and many states passed laws to limit union power 3. CONTROLLED WHERE RAW MATERIALS WENT (WAR FIRST AND THEN WITH PRIVATE INDUSTRIES) a) SHORTAGE OF CONSUMER GOODS AGAIN b) it is hard to find new consumer goods c) at home while we are mobilizing, the government is running the economy (acting like a socialist nation)

What was the government propaganda during the war

Government propaganda "Loose lips, sink ships." + USSR and Stalin are our allies!! 1. government propaganda was everywhere 2. "Loose lips, sink ships" poster was found in war manufacturing factories a) People were not allowed to talk about work if they were not at work if they worked for war manufacturing industries b) there were spies everywhere c) Germans are the largest immigrant group and some of them were loyal to Germany d) Italians are also a large immigrant group and they spied e) the Irish worked for the Axis because they hated England that much that they wanted to allies to lose the war 3. Stalin and the USSR are our allies during this war is part of the propaganda a) communists are now our allies

What happened during the Holocaust? What is the final solution?

HOLOCAUST 1. the concentration camps were not built in Germany a) Many of the victims were killed in gas chambers, but not all b) the Jews were put in ghettos before the camps were built c) the mentally and physically handicap, Jews, Gypsies, and anyone who opposed Hitler were put in the camps d) the camps were also for scientific research 2. IN 1933 JEWS LOSE GOVERNMENT JOBS AND A LARGE NUMBER OF JEWS FLEE/ GERMANY TOLD BY HITLER TO GO a) Hitler warns the Jews to leave Germany and many of them do 3. 1935 NUREMBERG LAWS -strip Jews of civil rights a) officially strips Jews of their rights 4. 1938 KRISTALLNACHT a) Nazi rebellion against Jews b) Kristallnacht: the night of broken glass c) there was a nationwide staged planned riot across Germany d) destroyed synagogues, homes, and businesses that belonged to Jews e) Used as an excuse by the Nazi to remove Jews from the cities (for their safety) f) This raised an alarm g) The Jews went peacefully for the most part Jews have been persecuted for a millennium and they have been told for centuries that if they put their head down and do what they are told because they accept the fact that they will be persecuted h) the zealots did fight back i) After a while, it became obvious that the Jews were being killed 5. 1939 WAR AND US QUOTA NOT EXPANDED FOR NEW JEWS BOATS TURNED BACK. OTHER COUNTRIES TOO a) the war is started so the United States and other nations lowered their quotas b) When the Jews fled, they were turned away because they did not have enough resources with the Depression c) The only nation to let them in was Denmark d) The US did not know that there were mass murders going on with brought a lot of guilt e) this guilt pushes the United States and England to create Israel f) the American government consistently resisted almost all such entreaties g) Although allied bombers were flying missions within a few miles of the most notorious death camp at Auschwitz in Poland, pleas that the planes try to destroy the crematoria at the camp were rejected as militarily unfeasible h) So were similar requests that the Allies try to destroy railroad lines leading to the camps i) The United States also resisted entreaties that it admit large numbers of the Jewish refugees attempting to escape Europe- a pattern established well before Pearl Harbor j) One ship, the German passenger liner St Louis had arrived off Miami in 1939 (after having already been turned away from Havana, Cuba) carrying nearly 1,000 escaped German Jews, only to be refused entry and forced to return to Europe k) Both before and during the war, the State Department did not even use up the number of visas permitted by law; almost 90% of the quota remains untouched l) This disgraceful record was not a result of inadvertence m) There was a deliberate effort by officials in the State Department- spearheaded by Assistant Secretary Breckinridge Long, a genteel anti-Semite- to prevent Jews from entering the United States in large numbers n) One opportunity after another to assist imperiled Jews was either ignored or rejected o) After 1941, there was probably little American leaders could have done, other than defeat Germany, to save most of Hitler's victims p) But more forceful action by the United States (and Britain, which was even less amenable than American to Jewish requests for assistance) might well have saved some lives q) Policymakers at the time justified their inaction by arguing that most of the proposed actions-bombing the railroads and the death camps, for example, would have had little effect r) They insisted that the most effective thing they could do for the victims of the Holocaust was to concentrate their attention solely on the larger goal of winning the war 6. FINAL SOLUTION TO THE JEWISH QUESTION IS DECIDED a) Final Solution is the code name b) Final Solution to the Jewish question c) Jewish question: what do we do with the jews answer= genocide d) this is when the concentration camps are huge e) DEATH CONCENTRATION CAMPS-GENOCIDE (ETHNIC CLEANSING)

What is the Honeymoon period

HONEYMOON PERIOD - 1st ONE HUNDRED DAYS of a president's term, where congress lets up every president gets a hundred days 1. it is called the honeymoon period 2. This is when the congress is really nice to its new president a) even the opposition leaves them alone 3. The president gets a hundred days to figure out the job and the congress leaves them alone for the day 4. Roosevelt in his first hundred days did more than almost every other president (beside Washington cause he invented the job)

How does Hitler rise to power in Germany? What are his campaign promises? Why is the Aryan Race?

Hitler and Nazis campaign for election to the Reichstag. When get enough will elect Hitler as Chancellor (executive) 1. Hitler was elected legally a) Hitler is voted chancellor in 1933 b) this is the year that we are the lowest point of our depression c) His name would have been in the paper because Germany was a major countries 2. Extreme nativism -ARYAN RACE - return Aryans to proper place in Germany combined with anti-Semitism a) He thought the Aryan was the master race b) Did not have to have blonde hair and blue eyes, you just had to be northern European c) He campaigns more on promoting Aryan because he was a nativist, but not on persecuting Jews d) He was raising them up and establish Aryan on its rightful place, which meant getting rid of the Jews 3. ARYANS WERE TO BE RAISED TO THEIR RIGHTFUL PLACE IN GERMANY AND THE WORLD f) Aryans were to be raised to their rightful place in Germany and the world g) campaigned on putting Germany back on their rightful place in the world h) Germans were tired of not being on top and being in time out after world war II so they vote for Hitler because he said that he would fix it 4. Extreme NATIONALISM Germany wronged and needed to be vindicated before the world! a) USED VERSAILLES TREATY, ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND LACK OF RESPECT (Jews involved in treaty) b) Jews were going to have to pay so that Aryans could be on top c) Hitler did have a plan to fix the economic problems d) He is blaming Jews for taking all of the wealth and causing the economic problems putting Aryans in the place of Jews would get rid of the problems e) stereotype of the Jews is that they are rich and money hunger 5. PROMISED TO END REPARATION PAYMENTS AND KEEP WEALTH IN GERMANY a) he is ending the reparation payments b) plan is taking all of the wealth away from the Jews and confiscate it for the Germany treasury (did not announce it) c) He is keeping the money to reinvest it into Germany infrastructure, not giving it to the allies d) Announces he will no longer pay reparation payments 6. Promised to rearm; return to MILITARISM; historical greatness of military a) he is restoring the military to its former glory b) He is rebuilding the military c) Germany was forced to break it down and shrink their military because of the treaty 7. Promised to get back lost land and gain LEBENSRAUM - or living room. 8. WHY DID UK AND FRANCE STOP HITLER: a) believed that he would be assassinated before he does any real damage b) They did not have time to deal with international conflict because of the Great Depression c) They did not want to start another war

what is Hollywood's impact on the war

Hollywood - pro war propaganda movies 1. all of the hollywood movies were pro war propaganda 2. the government threatened to throw them in jail under the espionage act if there was a hint of dissidents in the movies 3. people went to the movies for entertainment and saw the thousand pro war movies

How did the home front mobilize

Home front Mobilization 1. Rationing/recycling a) Led to SCRAP IRON DRIVES b) Encouraged planning of VICTORY GARDENS 2.. Women/minorities into factories again. Women in heavy industry this time. Propaganda-"ROSIE the Riveter 3. African-American migration again over 1 mil. leave S. a. New, more and bigger ghettos b. EXECUTIVE ORDER - no racial discrimination in WAR INDUSTRIES after A-A protest and threat to march on Washington in protest to discrimination 4. Mexican/Latino/Native Americans. much more discrimination in general, even with the war on. 5. Another EXECUTIVE ORDER - JAPANESE INTERNMENT after Pearl Harbor 6. Hollywood - pro war propaganda movies 7. VIGILANTES again watch for SEDITION & disloyalty 8. Government propaganda "Loose lips, sink ships." + USSR and Stalin are our allies!! 9. FBI all over ESPIONAGE & SEDITION 10. Government control of the economy beyond rationing NOTES: 1. Instead of the prolonged and debilitating unemployment that had been the most troubling feature of the Depression economy, the war created a serious labor shortage 2. The armed forces took more than 15 million men and women out of the civilian workforce at the same time that the demand for labor was rising rapidly 3. Nevertheless, the civilian workforce increased by almost 20% during the war a) The 7 million people who had previously been unemployment accounted for some of the increased; the employment of many people previously considered inappropriate for the workforce, the very young, the elderly, and most important, several million women, accounted for the rest 4. The search for an effective mechanism to mobilize the economy for ear began as early as 1939 and continued for nearly four years a) One failed agency after another attempted to bring order to the mobilization effort b) finally, in January 1942, the president responded to widespread criticism by creating the War c) Production Board (WPB) under the direction of former Sears Roebuck executive Donald Nelson d) In theory, the WPB was to be a superagency, with broad powers over the economy e) In fact, it never had as much authority as its World War I equivalent, the War Industries Boards and the genial Donald Nelson never displayed the administrative or political strength of his 1918 counterpart Bernard Baruch f) The WPB was never able to win control over the military purchases; the army and navy often circumvented the board entirely in negotiating contracts with producers g) It was never able to satisfy the complaints of small business, which charged (correctly) that most contracts were going to large corporations h) Gradually, the president transferred much of the WPB"s authority to a new office located within the White House: the Office of War Mobilization, directed by former Supreme Court justice and South Carolina senator James F. Byrnes i) But the OWM was only slightly more successful than the WPB 5. Despite the administrative problems, the war economy managed to meet almost all the nation's critical war needs a) Enormous new factory complexes sprang up in the space of a few months, many of them funded by the federal government's Defense Plants Corporation b) An entire new industry producing synthetic rubbers in the Pacific c) By the beginning of 1944, American factories were, in fact, producing more of most goods than the government needed d) their output was twice that of all the Axis countries combined e) there were even complaints late in the war from some officials that military production was becoming excessive, that a limited resumption of civilian production should begin before the fighting ended f) the military staunchly and successfully opposed almost all such demands

How does Stalin gain power

I. JOSEPH STALIN USSR most brutal of them all without question killed about 20-30 million TOTALITARIANISM/COMMUNISM 1. Stalin should have never been able to get to power in the Soviet Union a) Lenin was running the country and put the Bosheviks in positions of authority because he could trust them b) Lenin did not want Stalin to be the leader because he was afraid of him cause Stalin enjoyed killing people c) he kept Stalin as far away from power as possible e) Stalin gets into work early in the morning and late at night to go through people's belongs and learns everyone's secrets f) He knows everyone's secrets after a while 2. Stalin was a hero of the revolution a) his job was an assassin and murder indiscriminately all enemies of the state b) Stalin is a fake name, not his real one c) Stalin in Russian means steal d) he wore lefts in his shoes to appear taller because he was short e) He was a sociopaths and psychopath f) Sociopath do not get societies rules and it is a mental disorder from damage g) They think the rules are stupid h) Psychopath is also brain damage lack the part of brain that creates sympathy, empathy, or sorrow and can not feel what others feel i) their brain is damaged j) They are unable to feel and help someone out they don't have control and can't feel sympathy and empathy because he couldn't feel the emotions k) He was also a paranoid schizophrenic l) he believed that everyone was out to get him even when their is no evidence m) He kills or imprisioned everyone who is close to him 3. Lenin dies in office of natural causes and the legislative body of the Soviet Union picks who the new president is from the group a) Stalin starts using all of the secrets against people to gain votes for power b) He blackmails them c) He did not blackmail everyone, there were four people he couldn't get to d) 2 of them were murder before the both e) 1 was murder in the hallway of the legislative building f) the last one was the Troskey who was the most popular and he was exiled and then murder Stalin had black mailed enough people to gain the vote 4. Once in power he had any opposition murder (including Troskey) or imprisoned a) Used COLLECTIVIZATION of farms and factories b) Quotas not met, people died in Gulags or mass shootings

What is insider trading?

INSIDER TRADING: employees are not allowed to inform friends and family to buy or sell stock with their insider knowledge 1. if caught the penalties are huge and in federal court 2. SEC's job is protect consumers from insider trading

What does Roosevelt promise in his inaugural address? What are the causes and effects?

Inaugural address 1. much of Roosevelt success was a result of his ebullient personality 2. In his inaugural address, he assured the American people that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself" and promised to take drastic, even warlike action against the emergency 3. CHALLENGES THE PEOPLE a) "...fear itself..." b) people need to get back to work and everyone will be alright 4. RELIEF immediately to those in dire need promises immediate relief for those in dire need of aid a) give people medicine and food 5. . RECOVERY "PUT THE PEOPLE TO WORK" Get back at it a) we will recover and we will come back from this b) THIS IS HIS NUMBER ONE GOAL OF THE NEW DEAL c) but he needs people to get back in the game and stop being afraid of trying something new or change 6. REFORM the system for preventive measures for future a) reform the system to prevent this from happening again a) fix the system that causes the depression (the causes, stock market crash, and bank runs) 7. PROMISES NEW DEAL (LIBERAL APPROACH TO HANDLING ECONOMIC ISSUES- FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT IN THE ECONOMY a) this is the overall goal of the new deal b) the government moves farther left on the political spectrum c) The 30s and 40s are very liberal d) The federal government has to be in the economy e) people blame the conservative economy for the depression, even though that is not the case

What country does Italy occupy first? What is the United States response?

Italy invades Ethiopia 1. Ethiopia is a country in Africa 2. When Rome beats Ethiopia, it was the richest country in the world and it was a great accomplishment for Rome a) Mussolini is trying to recreate in the people of Italy's mind, the Roman Empire 3. The Ethiopian soldiers were not well prepared for the war and were going to loose a) they had civil war weapon and animal skin shields b) The Italian army was awful and preformed terribly even though Ethiopia was worse c) Mussolini goes ahead anyway d) Mussolini was trying to send it as a sign for Italy to help get the moral support for it e) The leaders of Ethiopia goes to the League of Nation and makes an impassioned speech asking for help to defend the country f) no one lifted a finger to help him g) He said that if you do not come to defend him now, they will regret it later because the other countries will be attacked later and their would be h) no one to help him i) The other white countries were not going to help a black nation 4. The American Stance of militant neutrality gained support in October 1935 when Mussolini finally launched his long anticipated attack on Ethiopia a) When the League of Nations protested, Italy simply resigned from the organization, completed its conquest of Ethiopia and formed an alliance (the Axis) with Nazi Germany b) Most Americans responded to the news with renewed determination to isolate themselves from European instability c) Two-thirds of those responding to public opinion polls at the time opposed any American action to deter aggression d) Isolationist sentiment showed its strength once again in 1936-1937 in response to the civil war in Spain 5. The Falangists, a group much like the Italian fascists, revolt in July 1936 against the existing republican government a) Hitler and Mussolini supported General Francisco Franco, who became the leader of the Falangists in 1937, both vocally and with weapons and supplies b) Some individual Americans traveled to Spain to assist the republican cause; but the United States government joined with Britain and France in an agreement to offer no assistance to either side-although all three governments were sympathetic to the republicans 1. US - NEUTRALITY ACTS a) There was another neutrality act with every new belligerent b) Through the summer of 1935, it became clear that Mussolini's Italy was preparing to invade Ethiopia in an effort to expand its colonial holdings in Africa c) Fearing that a general European war would result, American legislators began to design legal safeguards to prevent the United States from being dragged into the conflict d) THE RESULTS WAS THE NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1935

What is going on in Japan before World War II

Japan 1. A militaristic monarchy a) they have a militaristic culture (the culture of the samurai) 2. They have a closed society and fought for centuries to keep white people out 3. EMPORER HIROHITO god-king a) their culture believes that their king is a minor god 4. HEIDEKI TOJO (war minister/prime minister) is the real power & MILITARIST a) the war minister/prime minister has the real power b) he is militarist and it is his desire to expand Japan and make all of Asia the Japanese Empire c) HATE THE U.S. d) fought to keep white influence from polluting their culture e) Desire to form a Japanese empire in Asia & S.E. Asia (most of the eastern hemisphere) f) he is a nationalist believed that Japan was the best

Who is Tojo? Where does Japan invade to start the aggression for world war II

Japan - EMPEROR HIROHITO/WAR MINISTER TOJO - MILITARISTIC 1931 Manchuria/China 1. The Japanese invade Manchuria, which is north of China a) it is not far away from Japan 2. THEY START THE AGGRESSION FIRST IN 1931 a) this is two years before Hitler is elected to office b) Particularly disturbing was the deteriorating situation in Asia c) Japan's aggressive designs against China had been clear since the invasion of Manchuria in 1931 d) In the summer of 1937, Tokyo launched an even broader assault, attacking China's five Northern provinces 3. The United States, Roosevelt believed, could not allow the Japanese aggression to go unremarked or unpunished a) In a Speech in Chicago in October 1937, therefore, the president warned forcefully of the dangers that Japanese aggression posed to world peace b) Aggressors, he proclaimed, should be quarantined by the international community to prevent the contagion of war from spreading c) The President was deliberately vague about what such a quarantine would mean d) Nevertheless, the public responses to the speech was disturbingly hostile e) As a result, Roosevelt drew back 4. Only months later, another episode provided renewed evidence of how formidable the obstacles to Roosevelt's efforts remained a) On December 12, 1937, Japanese aviators bombed and sank the U.S. gunboat Panay as it sailed the Yangtze River in China b) The attack was almost undoubtedly deliberate c) It occurred in broad daylight with clear visibility d) A large American flag had been painted conspicuously on the Panay's deck e) Even so, isolationists seized eagerly on Japanese protestations that the bombing had been an accident and pressure the administration to accept Japan's apologies

What are the cause and effects of Korematsu v US

KOREMATSU v US. Korematsu tried to get the order declared unconstitutional, but failed (after war it is reversed) 1. This is legally the most famous protest 2. Korematsu was being forced room his home and protested a) He sued when the authorities tried to forcefully remove him from his house b) said the government did not have the right to deprive him of his property, that is was not equal protection under the law c) Korematsu sued saying that the government did not have the right to take away his property or violate his rights (it violated like half of the bill of rights) d) THEY HAD LOST PROPERTY UNCONSTITUTIONALLY AND THE GOVERNMENT HAD ABUSED ITS POWER OVER PEOPLE'S RIGHT TO PROPERTY AND FREEDOM e) The Japanese were going to jail even though they did not commit any crime 3. Supreme COurt said it was the right of the president during a war because of clear and present danger during times of emergence (elastic clause) a) fighting the war comes before individual liberties b) Korematsu lost his protest during the war c) In 1944, the Supreme Court ruled in Korematsu v U.S. that the relocation was constitutionally permissible d) in another case the same year, it barred the internment of "loyal" citizens, but left the interpretation of "loyal" to the discretion of the government 4. Nevertheless, by the end of 1944, most of the internees had been released; and in early 1945, they were finally permitted to return to the West Coast, where they faced continuing harassment and persecution, and where many found their property and businesses irretrievably lost 5. in 1988 , they won some compensation for their losses, when after years of agitation by survivors of the camps and their descendants, Congress voted to award them reparations a) but by then, many of the former internees had died b) After the war was over, another Japanese American sued and it makes it to the supreme court, and wins c) said the president exceeded his authority d) it was reverse e) They were awarded millions of dollars as a whole and each survivor or their descendants were given so much money for their losses 6. In 1965, the survivors and their descendants asked LBJ for more money a) they loss their property because white people stole their things legally because they had abandoned it b) There are laws that say that people lose right to the property after abandoning it for so many days c) The Fed estimated that they loss $400 million dollars and the amount of money was not nearly enough d) It was hard for them to make it all back as a result of world war II e) LBJ gave them more money f) 1965, LBJ GOT $38 MILLION IN COMPENSATION (400 MILLION WAS ESTIMATED LOSS BY THE FED) 6. 1979 REAGAN GOT A LAW PASSED SENDING $20,000 TO EACH PERSON WHO WAS IN A CAMP. CHECKS WERE NOT MAILED UNTIL 1990 a) he awarded another $20,000 dollars but it was b) not mailed out until 1990 and most of the survivors would have been dead c) The guilt from the internment camps has cost the government millions of dollars

What is reciprocal trade agreements?

MAIN IDEA was to start RECIPRICAL TRADE AGREEMENTS to help US and their economies. 1. reciprocal is to return the favor a) If we could build up trade back and forth with these countries b) If they bought our goods, it would help with our depression c) If we bought theirs, they could pay off their debt to us d) They will always be paying more money for our things than we would for their things 2. It ends up not working very well, with barely any positive outcomes a) We have to lower our tariffs to make it happen, but it is too late to prevent the depression Europe and Asia our volital, so we take our business to Latin America b) We still try to do this again today, but the Latin American countries do not like it so it never works 3. MAIN PURPOSE OF THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY

What is the FHA

MEANING: Federal Housing Administration lent money at low interest for first home 1. its provides mortgage insurance on loans for single family and multifamily homes the government wants houses build 2. HOUSES ARE THE BIGGEST ECONOMIC MULTIPLIER OVER THE DECADES a) the government will help you buy your first house with a low interest loan b) get people out of apartment and into a house so there is an economic multiplier when someone is building a new house down the line loans taken out means more money in circulation

What is the FDIC

MEANS: FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION plan to encourage people to put money in banks again 1. its role is to provide deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings institutions a) the United states government is an insurance salesmen 2. if you open a bank in the united states, you have to buy insurance from FDIC to insure that no one lose their money if they go under a) Banks have to announce that they are insured and have a maximization of deposit that the government will insure b) Bigger banks own more insurance than smaller banks c) the more insurance increases the amount of maximum deposit d) The banks have to warn you 3. Government wants money in the bank because banks allow for money to be in circulation 4. Through legislation, the early New Deal increased federal authority over previously unregulated or weakly regulated areas of the economy 5. The Glass-Stegall Act of June 1933 gave the government authority to curb irresponsible speculation by banks a) It also established a wall between commercial banking and investment banking b) Equally important, it established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which guaranteed all bank deposits up to $2,500 c) Finally in 1935, Congress passed a major banking act that transferred much of the authority once wielded by the regional Federal Reserve banks to d) the Federal Reserve Board in Washington

What is the S.E.C.

MEANS: SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION regulates the stock market 1. its role is to protect investors, maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets, and facilitate capital formation 2. INSIDER TRADING: employees are not allowed to inform friends and family to buy or sell stock with their insider knowledge a) if caught the penalties are huge and in federal court b) they regulate the stock market one of the things that made the stock market crashes worse, was companies that were bankrupt c) were lying to people by telling them that they would receive dividends d) this was not illegal and no one was watching the company to see if their dividends matched the actual value of the company 3. Government now requires that businesses inform citizens of their sales records a) SEC insures that the business is telling the truth prevents stealing within the company b) The penalties are huge for lying to stock owners government takes all of the money away and sends them to jail 4. The United States government wants money to circulate in the Stock market so they make sure that it is honest so that everyone is investing (cause the rich cannot do it on their own) 5. Another act of June 1934 established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to police the stock market a) Among other things, the establishment of the SEC was an indication of how far the financial establishment had fallen in public estimation b) The criminal trials of a number of once respected Wall Street figures for grand larceny and fraud eroded the public stature of the financial community still further

What is mobilization? How did the United States mobilize?

MOBILIZATION a) mobilization: start to become mobile and increase the effort of the war 1. 5 million Volunteer. SELECTIVE SERVICE 10 million a) 5 million people volunteer to the army after Pearl Harbor b) 10 million are drafted 2. A-A & other minorities in segregated units all-Latino, all-AA, all-Japanese, all Native-Amer. a) There were exceptions, but for the most part, segregated 3. Women in the military, clerks, aids, drivers, pilots, nurses, etc. 250,000 served. Same pay if did same work

What is the Munich Pact? What is appeasement?

MUNICH PACT- UK and France allow Hitler to keep Sudetenland- APPEASEMENT to avoid war 1. On September 29, Hitler met with leaders of France and Great Britain at Munich in an effort to resolve the crisis 2. The French and British agreed to accept the German demands for Czechoslovakia in return for Hitler's promise to expand no farther "This is the last territorial claim I have to make in Europe" the Fuhrer solemnly declared 3. And Prime Minister Nevilled Chamberlain returned to England to a hero's welcome, assuring his people that the agreement ensured "peace in our time" a) Among those who had cabled him with encouragement at Munich was Franklin Roosevelt 4. The Munich accords were the most prominent element of a policy that came to be known as "appeasement" and that came to be identified (not altogether fairly) almost exclusively with Chamberlain a) Whoever was to blame, however, it became clear almost immediately that the policy was a failure 5. Britain and France demand that they meet, and Hitler demands that they meet in Munich, Germany a) This shows the dominance that Hitler has and they acknowlege by going to see him b) Britain and France are laughed at for this and it ends up being one of the most shameful events in human history 6. Hitler says that he is just taking things back that was taken from Germany in Versailles a) he tells them that he told the people this in his campaign so it is not a surprise b) They ask him if he is going to expand further and he says no as long as he gets to keep what he has gained so far and he promises that this is it c) they agree and sign and agreement called the MUNICH PACT 7. THIS IS CALLED APPEASEMENT a) APPEASEMENT: you give in easily to avoid a conflict b) compromise they both get what they want c) appeasement: it is not compromising, you just give in cause you don't want to fight about it d) they do not want to stand up for their principal because they would rather not fight about it

What is fascism? Who invented it?

MUSSOLINI INVENTED FASCISM Fascism: the state is more important than the individual a) FASCISM (TOTALITARIANISM state more important than individual) 1. Fascism has no collectivization of farms this is the only thing that separates fascism from communism a) the government can take over businesses in the cities and run them if they choose to 2. there is no right to private property, but you can keep it if you let them tax you and you support the state 3. the state needs the money, not individuals 4. the individual has no rights because the state, not the individual, has to be served first 5. Hitler copies Mussolini

What is the reichstag? How does Hitler get rid of it?

Majority party in REICHSTAG (legislative branch) 1933 1. Burned Reichstag- no more democracy a) the building that houses the reichstag burns down as soon as Hitler is elected b) Hitler announces that he is now the Fuher and that the reichstag is dispained and there is no need for a legislature anymore c) He warns the Jews to leave now that he is in charge d) but most of them do not go because they do not believe that he will last

How were other minorities beside women and African Americans treated during the war?

Mexican/Latino/Native Americans. much more discrimination in general, even with war on. 1. many are so discriminated against because they uneducated and depending on where you live the hate is different 2. The war had important effects too,on those Native Americans who remained civilians a) Little war work reached the tribes, and government subsidies dwindled b) Many talented young people left the reservations, some to serve in the military, others (more than 70,000) to work in war plants c) This brought many Indians into close contact with white society for the first time and awakened in some of them a taste for the material benefits of life in capitalist America that they would retain after the war d) Some never returned to the reservations, but chose to remain in the non-Indian world and assimilate to its ways e) Others found that after the war, employment opportunities that had been available to them during the fighting became unavailable once again, drawing them back to the reservations f) The war emphasis on nation unity undermined support for the revitalization of tribal autonomy that the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 had launched g) New pressures emerged to eliminate the reservation system and require the tribes to assimilate into white society-pressures so serve that John Collier, the director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who had done so much to promote the reinvigoration of the reservations, resigned in 1945 3. Large numbers of Mexican workers entered the United States during the war in response to labor shortages on the Pacific Coast, in the Southwest, and eventually in almost all areas of the nation a) The American and Mexican governments agreed in 1942 to a program by which braceros (contract laborers) would be admitted to the United States for a limited time to work at specific jobs and American employers in some parts of the Southwest began actively recruiting Hispanic workers b) During the Depression, many Mexican farm workers had been deported to make room for unemployed white workers c) the wartime labor shortage caused farm owners to begin hiring Mexicans again d) more important, however, Mexicans were able for the first time to find significant numbers of factory jobs e) They formed the second-largest group of migrants (after African Americans) to American cities in the 1940s,

Why does Italy quit the war?

Push up through Italy into France and Germany - Italy quits 1. The allies attack through Italy a) There is a push from the west from Normandy b) A push from the east after Stalingrad 2. Hitler was too busy fighting on the eastern front against the soviet union and in Italy because the allies invaded Italy and were defeating the Italians a) The Nazi end up treating the Italians so badly that they kill Mussolini and the Nazi and pull out of the war b) he bombed London and tried to bomb the military units but it was not his focus 3. Race is on to get to Berlin

What are the causes of the New Deal

NEW DEALS (one on deck when Pearl Harbor came). NEW DEAL PROGRAMS still around the election of Roosevelt begins the new deal 1. IT IS DIRECT RELIEF 2. It is new because it is liberal and not conservative 3. There is 3 new deal, but the 3rd new deal is interrupted by Pearl Harbor before it can be passed by congress 4. NEW DEAL IS RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM a) first is relief and recovery b) second is recovery and reform 5. The administration of Franklin Roosevelt was in many ways the most politically successful presidency in American history a) Roosevelt won four successive terms in office and his administration constructed a series of programs that permanently altered the shape of the federal government and its relationship to society 6. By the end of the 1930s, the New Deal (as the Roosevelt program was called) had created many of the broad outlines of the political world we know today a) It had created a powerful coalition within the Democratic Party that would dominate American politics for most of the next thirty years, and it had produced the beginnings of a new liberal ideology that would govern reform efforts for decades 7. One thing the New Deal had not done, however was end the Depression a) At the end of 1940, near the end of Roosevelt's second term, many of the basic problems of the Depression remained unsolved b) The persistence of the Depression created many challenges to the New Deal c) Dissident groups on both the right and left, some of them considerable size and strength, mobilized outside the conventional party system to promote alternative paths to recovery d) Factions within the Democratic Party, most notably southern conservatives, turned against Roosevelt's policies, joined with Republicans, and helped create a conservative coalition in Congress that was able to frustrate many of his goals e) Only the advent of World War II in 1940 and 1941 succeeded in ending the Great Depression f) It also brought to a close most of the domestic initiatives of the New Deal 8. EXPAND FEDERAL CONTROL OVER ECONOMY AND SOCIETY- FEDERAL MONEY SPEND TO RESTART THE ECONOMY a) FEDERAL MONEY USED TO PRIME THE PUMP b) USED DEFICIT SPENDING TO GET THE CASH- BORROW $ FROM FUTURE TAX COLLECTIONS

What is the cause and effect of the non-aggression pact

NON-AGGRESSION PACT 1939 Stalin and Germany 1. At that that Hitler threatened Poland, both Britain and France gave assurances to the Polish government that they would come to its assistance in case of an invasion; they even flirted, too late with the Stalinist regime in Russia, attempting to draw it not a mutual defense agreement 2. Stalin, however, had already decided that he could expect no protection from the West; after all, he had not even been invited to attend the Munich Conference 3. Accordingly, Stalin signed a nonaggression pact with Hitler in August 1939, freeing the Germans for the moment from the danger of a two-front war 4. For a few months, Hitler had been trying to frighten the Poles into submitting to German demands 5. Chamberlain is voted out of office in a vote of confidence and Churchill is elected prime minister when they see that Hitler is a problem a) They stand up and say that if they harm Poland, they will go to war causing a threat from the west 6. Hitler to solve his problem makes a non-aggression pact with USSR 7. They agree to split Poland a) Germans and Russians lost land to create Poland b) Hitler and Stalin agree to not fight each other c) Hitler as every intention to break the pact and invade the USSR d) They both know that Hitler is lying e) The whole thing is a lie and both guys know it f) They only sign the pact so that both sides have a time to build up their armies knowing that there is going to be a fight g) they have to have time to prepare before they actually fight h) He doesn't take the southern Europeans because they are not aryans

What type of government was the Weimar Republic? What is a parliamentary democracy

New democracy in Germany WEIMAR REPUBLIC IS A PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY a) after WWI ended, the Versailles Treaty forced Germany and everyone else to be a democracy b) They call the constitution a Weimar Republic (the title of the Government of Germany) because the constitution was written in weimar 1. PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY people elect legislative branch and legislative branch elects the legislative branch. See diagram below! a) this is the government that Britain practices and most of the world b) the presidential democracy is what the US has in it is the more dangerous form of democracy HOW IT WORKS: 1 (PRIME MINISTER/CHANCELLOR) a) Party with most votes (plurality) elects the executive 2. Legislative branch (PARLIAMENT/REICHSTAG) representatives called "Minister" a) Parliament in Germany is reichstag and it is the legislative branch b) once this body is picked by the people, they count all of the members of the different parties, and gets to pick their leader to be the executive of the country (prime minister) c) This keeps the executive from becoming too powerful or not doing their job very well by having a vote of confidence (their form of impeachment but easier) d) the process of getting rid of the prime minister is easier than the impeachment process in a parliamentary democracy e) They can have an election at anytime f) Hitler is elected to the reichstag g) Nazi has the majority %43 h) 57% split the vote to different parties 3. People vote for legislature

What was the purpose of the 1936 Olympics for Hitler

Olympics 1936 - JESSE OWENS beats the Aryan champions, Hitler is rude to Owens who is A-A 1. Hitler has the economy in Germany humming and back on its feet 2. He somehow gets the 1936 Olympics in Berlin a) it is one of the most important Olympics in history 3. People were shocked when they came to Berlin because they were told that Germany was a crap town compared to what they were and everything was declining a) When people of the world came to Berlin, they saw the exact opposite and they wrote back home this b) The people of Berlin were the nicest people that they ever meet c) The city was so clean d) He has all of Aryans in power 4. Hitler was everywhere and always smiling the people that meet him believe that he is the most charming person, even though he is always going on about the Aryans a) they see this as an appropriate bias to have during the Olympics b) They do not know that the secret police has taken all of the low lives out of Berlin c) The people in Berlin, including Joseph P Kennedy, tells Roosevelt that he needs to get help from Germany to get out of the depression get advice from Hitler on how to improve the economy d) Roosevelt isn't going to go to Berlin because he knows that Hitler is a militarist and nationalist and is against the civil rights e) knows that this is going to go bad fast 5. Jesse Owens a) he wins four gold metals and beats all of the Aryans b) Americans and Africans are at the end Hitler's least of the Aryans and refuses to give Jesse Owens any metals b) Hitler has no respect for Americans and hates that we are a melting pot c) The Aryans are a pure race d) Jesse Owens is an African american track star from Cleveland Ohio e) The German athletes are nice to him and actually help Owens f) When Owens comes home, white Americans are cheering him because they hate Hitler for what he has said about Americans g) still has racism to deal with despite this 6. AFTER THE OLYMPICS, PEOPLE HAVE A GOOD OPINION TO HITLER a) despite Americans because he was rude to them b) None of the people see him as crazy anymore c) The government knows the truth, but because of the Monroe doctrine they do not do anything

What is the date of Pearl Harbor? What happened at Pearl Harbor?

PEARL HARBOR- DECEMBER 7, 1941 NO MORE ISOLATIONISM 1. we were on high alert, but still were not prepared for this 2. December 7, 1941, is a day that will live in infamy (something that is known for being evil) a) Isolationism dies after Pearl Harbor because we want to make sure that this will never happen to us again on US soil b) There were a number of attacks on the United States and their territories by japan besides Pearl harbor c) We were already in an undeclared naval war with Germany, so we would have gotten in the war without Pearl Harbor d) surprise attack, but it shouldn't have been people saw the bombers on the radar, bt through negligence, the message was not given to the proper channels to defend the US e) Japanese attacked on a Sunday so there was only a skeleton crew on the island f) At 7:55 am on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a wave of Japanese bombers, taking off from aircraft carriers hundreds of miles away, attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor g) A second wave came an hour later military commanders in Hawaii had taken no precautions against such an attack and had allowed ships to remain bunched up defenselessly in the harbor and airplanes to remain parked in rows on airstrips h) The united state was on an alert, but the ships were still lined up in battleship row 2. Japanese got the sea targets and some land target but missed key warehouses that had the steal and tools needed to repair the ships during the war a) these scrap iron and steel allows us to survive in the war c) The attack was devastating, but it did not wipe us out d) our aircraft carriers were not in the harbor that day 3. there were a series of careless decisions made by the US Navy that allowed for Pearl Harbor to happen 4. The consequences of the raid were disastrous for America a) Within two hours, the United States lost 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 other vessels, 188 airplanes, and several vital shore installations b) More than 2,000 soldiers and sailors died and another 1,000 were injured c) The Japanese suffered only light losses d) American forces were now greatly diminished in the Pacific (although by a fortunate accident, none of the American aircraft carriers- the heart of the Pacific fleet- had been at Pearl Harbor on December 7) 5. Nevertheless, the raid on Pearl harbor did virtually overnight what more than two years of effort by Roosevelt and others had been unable to do; it unified the American people in a fervent commitment to war a) On December 8, the president traveled to Capitol Hill, where he girmly addressed a joint session of Congress: "Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live infamy- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by the naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan" b) Within four hours, the Senate unanimously and the House 388 to 1 ( the lone dissenter being Jeannette Rankin of Montana, who had voted against war in 1917 as well) approved a declaration of war against Japan c) Three days later, Germany and Italy, Japan's European allies, declared war on the United States, and on the same day, December 11, congress reciprocated without a dissenting vote d) For the second time in twenty-four years, the United States was engaged in a world war

What is pragmatism? What are the effects of it for Roosevelt

Personality- PRAGMATIST 1. Pragmatists: a person who is guided more by piratical considerations than by ideals 2. he is going to try something to fix a problem and keep doing and keep trying until it finally works a) he was resilient to the people b) He was a jerk in private, but charming politicians in front of the people 3. The people like him because they think he cares they did not think that Hoover cared

What is Lebensraum?

Promised to get back lost land and gain LEBENSRAUM - or living room. 1. he promises to gain back the land that Germany lost from the Treaty to help Germany to expand 2. he said it is rightfully Germany's and he is going to take it back 3. HE DOES NOT RAISE ANY RED FLAGS ABOUT HARMING THE JEWS a) World leaders are a little concerned about lebensraum but do not think that Hitler will not last and is not a threat b) everyone has nativism and no one likes the Jews so the world does not care c) Germany's Aryans is US's WASPS people believe that this is just a campaign promise

what was the effects of the rationing/recycling effects? What is scrap iron drives and victory gardens

RATIONING/RECYCLING a) at home, rationing returns b) all of the goods go to the soldiers first, everything left is going to go to be divided up between the people at home c) Had stamps and filled out forms to tell the government how much supplies that they needed d) Recycling also returned: 1. Led to SCRAP IRON DRIVES a) schools would hold scrap iron drives to win a free day b) everyone gets involved 2. Encouraged planning of VICTORY GARDENS a) Victory Gardens: government encouraged planting own personal gardens so they use less rationalized food b) this was propaganda and a sign of patriotism c) Helped with the war effort d) People would store food by tanning and canning and use for most of the year-did not use the rationalized food and materials e) Whole communities would volunteer with ideas like Meatless Monday/Friday or Dairy Free Tuesday communities would volunteer to abstain from certain foods for certain days

Who are the dictators that rise to power before World War II

RISE OF DICTATORS, MILITARISM, NATIONALISM 1. JOSEPH STALIN USSR most brutal of them all without question killed about 20-30 million 2. BENITO MUSSOLINI -Italy came to power by a COUP 3. JAPAN a) Emporer Hirohito b) Heideki Tojo 4. Hitler

What is the occupation of the rhineland?

Rhineland occupied 1936 1. Hitler's determination to expand Germany power became fully visible in 1936, when he moved the revived Germany army into the Rhineland, violating the Versailles Treaty and rearming an area that France had, in effect, controlled since World War I 2. the rhineland is a strip of land that Germany and France have been fighting over for 500 years a) There is a river running through it WITH COAL THAT IS ESSENTIAL TO BUILDING HITLER'S NEW ARMY b) The region has two names because whoever wins the last war gets the land c) Hitler tells the army, who is not ready or prepared, to march into the Rhineland and occupy it because France is not going to fight back d) He tells them that he will kill Jews and blame them for the rogue invasion e) The France do nothing to stop Hitler from invading 3. His army wasn't ready, but they needed to resources a) He gambled that the french wouldn't do something, and they didn't b) the league of nation filed a protest, but did't do anything c) the french stayed behind the maginot line d) Hitler has access to raw materials to finish building his army

How does Hitler break the Munich Pact

SLOVAKIA taken 1938 1. In March 1939, Hitler occupied the remaining areas of Czechoslovaia, violating the Munich agreement unashamedly

Where is the Sudetenland? Who occupies it? What is the occupation of Sudentenland?

SUDENTENLAND occupied (CZECH PART OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA) 1938 1. The Austrian invasion, however, soon created another crisis, because Hitler had by now occupied territory surrounding three sides of western Czechoslovaka, a region he dreamed of annexing to provide Germany with the Lebensraum (living space) he believed it needed 2. In September 1938, he demanded that Czechoslovaia ceded to him part of that region, the Sudetenland, an area on the Austro-Germany border in which many ethnic Germans lived Czechoslovakia, which possessed substantial military power of its own, was prepared to fight rather than submit a) But it realized it could not hope for success without help from other European nations b) It received none c) Most Western nations were appalled at the prospect of another war and were willing to pay almost any price to settle the crisis peacefully d) Anxiety ran almost as high in the United States as it did in Europe during and after the crisis, and helped produce such strange expressions of fear as the hysterical response to the famous "war of the worlds" radio broadcast in October 3. Hitler sends troops armed and dangerous to the Sudentenland a) His troops are armed and ready than they were in in 1936 b) He marches in and takes it over c) He is making a march towards Poland 4. The Sudentenland used to be a part of Germany and was taken away by the treaty Hitler told the world that the land was rightfully Germany's and the treaty created a new country, but Germany wanted it back a) Sudentenland is the richest farmland in Europe

What is nazism

Set up NAZISM (fascism with more private ownership of business) + state superior to individual 1. He copies fascism from Mussolini, but adds nativism to it a) he adds the aryanism to it 2. The nativism makes it easier to takes less from the aryans and more from the Jews 3. No one has any civil rights anymore, making it easier to abuse the Jews a) No rights for individual, you exist to serve the state and Fuhrer is the state b) FUHRER (the leader)

What are the causes and effects of the court packing incident

Supreme Court nullified numerous programs as illegal federal government expansion of power over economy 1. HE TRIED TO PACK THE COURT (SCANDAL) BUT IT FAILED a) The 1936 mandate, Franklin Roosevelt believed made it possible for him to do something about the problem of the Supreme Court b) No program of reform he had become convinced could long survive the conservative justices, who had already struck down the NRA and the AAA and threatened to invalidate even more legislation 2. In February 1937, Roosevelt sent a surprise message to Capitol Hill proposing a general overhaul of the federal court system; included among the many provisions was one to add up to six new justices to the Supreme Court with a new justice added for every sitting justice over the age of seventy a) The Courts were overworked he claimed, and needed additional manpower and younger blood to enable them to cope with their increasing burdens b) But Roosevelt's real purpose was to give himself the opportunity to appoint new, liberal justices and change the ideological balance of the Court c) Conservatives were outraged at the Court-packing plan and even many Roosevelt supporters were disturbed by what they considered evidence of the president's hunger for power d) Still, Roosevelt might well have persuaded Congress to approve at least a compromise measure had not the Supreme Court itself intervened e) Of the nine justices, three reliably supported the New Deal and four reliably opposed it Of the remaining two, Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes often sided with the progressives and Associate Justice Owen J Roberts usually voted with the conservatives f) On March 29, 1937, Roberts, Hughes, and the three progressive justices voted together to uphold a state minimum wage law in the case of West Coast Hotel v Parrish, thus appearing to reverse a 5 to 4 decision of the previous year invalidating a similar law g) Two weeks later, again by a 5-to-4 margin, the Court upheld the Wagner Act and in May it validated the Social Security Act h) Whether or not for that reason, the Court's newly moderate position made the Court packing bill seem unnecessary, Congress ultimately defeated it i) On one level, the affair was a significant victory for Franklin Roosevelt 3. The Court was not longer an obstacle to New Deal reforms, particularly after the older justices began to retire, to be replaced by Roosevelt appointees a) But the Court packing episode did lasting political damage to the administration b) From 1937 on, southern Democrats and other conservatives voted against Roosevelt's measures much more often than they had in the past

What is the TVA

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY built hydroelectric dams 1. its job is to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizers manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee River Valley 2. Pump priming example 3.The Government build a series of hydro-electric damns up and down the Tennessee river government sells electricity and they sell it cheap a) Factories want to build here and now people have jobs b) It was one of the poorest places and now it is one of the riches 3. The TVA had its roots in a political controversy of the 1920s a) Progressive reformers had agitated for years for public development of the nation's water resources as a source of cheap electric power b) In particular, they had urged completion of a great dam at Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River in Alabama, a dam begun during World War I and left unfinished when the war ended c) But opposition from the utility companies had been too powerful to overcome d) In 1932, however, one of the great utility empires ,that of the electricity magnate Samuel Insull, collapsed spectacularly amid widely publicized exposes of corruption e) Hostility to the utilities soon grew so intense that the companies were no longer able to black the pubic power movement f) The result in May 1933, was the Tennessee Valley Authority 4. The TVA was authorized to complete the damn at Muscle Shoals and build others in the region, and to generate and sell electricity from them to the public at reasonable rates a) It was also intended to be an agent for a comprehensive redevelopment of the entire region: for stopping the disastrous flooding that had plagued the Tennessee Bally for centuries, for encouraging the development of local industries, for supervising a substantial program of reforestation, and for helping farmers improve productivity b) The TVA revitalized the region in numerous ways c) It improved water transportation, virtually eliminated flooding in the region, and produced electricity to thousands who had never before had it d) Throughout much of the country, largely because of the yardstick provided by the TVA's cheap production of electricity, private power rates declined e) Even so, the Tennessee Valley remained a generally impoverished region despite the TVA"s efforts f) And like many other New Deal programs, the TVA made no serious effort to challenge local customs and racial prejudices

What is the destroyers of bases agreement causes and effects

U.S. announces DESTROYERS for MILITARY BASES TREATY a) England has military bases around the Carribean b) England trades destroyers from world war I c) we demilitarized and got rid of our destroyers destroyers are ships designed to find submarines and destroy them d) they are old technology so we would not use it away e) WE TRADE OUR OLD DESTROYERS AND THEY LEASE TO US THEIR MILITARY BASES IN THE CARIBBEAN FOR 99 YEARS 1. THE INTERVENTIONIST IN ROOSEVELT SEES THAT WE NEED TO BE HELPING THE FRENCH AND BRITISH a) more British and french killing Japanese, Nazi, and Italians mean less axis to kill Americans 2. CONGRESS/PEOPLE PUSHING ISOLATIONIST AND THE PRESIDENT IS PUSHING INTERVENTIONIST a) Roosevelt had already begun to increase American aid to the Allies b) He also began preparations to resist a possible Nazi invasion of the United States c) On May 16, he asked Congress for an additional $1 billion for defense (much of it for the construction of an enormous new fleet of warplanes) and received it quickly d) With France tottering a few weeks later, he proclaimed that the United States would extend to the opponents of force the material resources of this nation e) And on May 15, Winston Churchill, the new British prime minister, sent Roosevelt the first of many long lists of requests for ships, armaments, and other assistance without which, he insisted, England could not long survive f) Many Americans (including the United States ambassador to London, Joseph P Kennedy) argued that the British plight was already hopeless, that any aid to the English was a wasted effort g) The president, however, made the politically dangerous decision to make war material available to Churchill h) he even circumvented the cash and carry provisions of the Neutrality Act by trading fifty American destroyers (most of them left over from World War I) to England in return for the right to build American bases on British territory in the Western Hemisphere; and he returned to the factories a number of new airplanes purchased by the American government so that the British could buy them instead

What is the good neighbor policy? What is the purpose?

U.S. government reinstates under F.D.R. a GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY. 1. We are still trying to make money during the Great Depression a) We can't get money back from Great Britain, France, and Germany b) We are looking for sources of debt recovery and so it shifts to Latin America 2. Somewhat more successful were American efforts to enhance both diplomatic and economic relations with Latin America through what became known as the Good Neighbor Policy a) Latin America was one of the most important targets of the new policy of trade reciprocity 3. During the 1930s, the United States succeeded in increasing both exports to and imports from the other nations of the Western Hemisphere by over 100% a) Closely tied to these new economic relationships was a new American attitude toward intervention in Latin America 4. The Hoover administration had unofficially abandoned the earlier American practice of using military force to compel Latin American governments to repay debts, respect foreign investments or otherwise behave responsibly 5. The Roosevelt administration went further a) At the Inter-American Conference in Montevideo in December 1933, Secretary of State Hull signed a formal convention declaring "No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another" b) Roosevelt respected that pledge throughout his years in office 6. The Good Neighbor Policy did not mean, however, that the United States had abandoned its influence in Latin America a) Instead of military force, Americans now tried to use economic influence b) The new reliance on economic pressures eased tensions between the United States and its neighbors considerably c) It did nothing to stem the growing American domination of the Latin American economies 7. DESIGNED TO IMPROVE OUR REPUTATION IN LATIN AMERICA AFTER ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE HAD BEEN ENFORCED FOR A DECADE OR SO a) Good Neighbor Policy is our policy in Latin America other than the Monroe Doctrine b) it is neither good nor neighborly c) The Roosevelt corollary said that the United states will use its police power to quell the uproar in Latin America (basically, bully them) d) Starting with Taft, we were trying to improve our reputation in Latin America 8. MARINES HAD INTERFERED WITH DOMESTIC AFFAIRS IN INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES TO SETTLE REVOLUTIONS OR SUPPORT THEM a) we have marines in different Latin American countries during this time b) We were encouraging our neighbors in a positive way to help them repay their debts without having to send the marines in and rob their banks 9. DEBTS HAD NOT BEEN REPAID TO US BY SEVERAL NATIONS, SO WE HAD TRIED TO FORCE THEM MILITARILY AND OTHER WISE 10. MAIN IDEA was to start RECIPRICAL TRADE AGREEMENTS to help US and their economies.

What is the United States stance to the occupation of the sudetenland, rhineland, the annexation of Austria, and the Munich Pact

U.S. is still neutral 1. This nation will remain a neutral nation" the president declared shortly after the hostilities began in Europe, "But I cannot ask that every American remain neutral in thought as well" 2. it was a statement that stood in stark and deliberate contrast to Wilson's 1914 plea that the nation remain neutral in both deed and thought, and it was clear from the start that among those whose opinions were decidedly not neutral in 1939 was the president himself 3. Roosevelt did not want to remain neutral, but he did not want to deal with the war a) if we go to war, unemployment drops to zero b) No one wanted to repeat the Great War again so the majority of Americans wanted to remain isolationist

What is the impact of blitz of Poland? What is blitzkrieg?

UK and France warn if attack Poland- War! a) And in April, he began issuing threats against Poland b) At that point, both Britain and France gave assurances to the Polish government that they would come to its assistance in case of an invasion; they even flirted, too late with the Stalinist regime in Russia, attempting to draw it into a mutual defense agreement 1. POLAND 1939 - BLITZKRIEG WW II 1939-1945. a) This is where Hitler uses Blitzkrieg b) It is still used around today by the United States c) Hitler serves in the central power army and was decorated for bravery d) he wanted his generals to protect his soldiers 2. BLITZKRIEG: the planes fly in first and bomb all of the bridges and roads, then the tanks roll and then the soldiers, protected by tanks a) it is called lightning war and it scares everyone who faces it 3. Poland is the official start to the war a) Falls in 2 months For a few months, Hitler had been trying to frighten the Poles into submitting to German demands When that failed, he staged an incident on the Polish border to allow him to claim that Germany had been attacked; and on September 1, 1939, he launched a full-scale invasion of Poland, Britain, and France, true to their pledges, declared war on Germany two days later World War II in Europe had begun

What is the neutrality acts? What causes them to be passed?

US - NEUTRALITY ACTS - no trading with or lending money to any BELLIGERENT nation 1. We pass the first of many neutrality acts 2. No ships with Americans or products are allowed to go to warning countries a) We are learning from World War I b) not getting sucked into the war because they sunk our ships c) Belligerent: someone who wants to argue 3. REASON THE U.S. PUT THE EMBARGO AND NEUTRALITY ACTS ON JAPAN IS BECAUSE OF THEIR BELLIGERENT 4. the 1935 act, and the Neutrality Act of 1936 and 1937 that followed, was designed to prevent a recurrence of the events that many Americans now believed had pressured the United States into World War I a) The 1935 law established a mandatory arms embargo against both victim and aggressor in any military conflict and empowered the president to warm American citizens that they might travel on the ships of warring nations only at their own risk b) Thus, isolationists believed, the protection of neutral rights could not again become an excuse for American intervention in war c) The 1936 Neutrality Act renewed these provisions d) And in 1937, without world conditions growing even more precarious, Congress passed a new Neutrality Act that established the so-called cash and carry policy, by which belligerents could purchase only nonmilitary goods from the United States and had to pay cash and carry the goods away on their own vessels 5. US EMBARGO of scrap iron and oil as well as other war goods against Japan a) we had been sending scrap iron, oil, and rice to Japan for decades b) The navy that attacked Pearl Harbor was built with American scrap iron and fueled with american oil c) Japan was restricted in these war goods Roosevelt was trying to not tick off the Japanese because he knew that their navy was a threat to our navy d) they are close to midway island, Philippines, and Hawaii e) Roosevelt finally agrees to this embargo f) Embargo: not going to trade with you with these specific things because of these reasons g) how countries punish other countries h) Not sending things there

What is collectivization? Why do Americans hate it?

Used COLLECTIVIZATION of farms and factories a) implements collectivization when Stalin gains in power b) They set up a totalitarian dictatorship for politics and collectivization for the economy c) collectivization: the soviet union's economic plan d) THIS IS COMMUNISM 1. Individual farms and factories are collected by the government and are no longer owned by individuals a) they are owned by the government 2. people are assigned on their quotas or collective and they have to meet a certain quota with everyone work on the land a) The military takes all of your production or harvest and then decides how much money or food you get at the whim of the corrupt politicians b) There is no help and no new farming tools 3. This is serfdom which is why capitalist do not like it a) we believe in egalitarianism and private enterprise 4. Government owns businesses and farms and gives you a quota and if you do not meet your quota, they punish you by cutting back on ratios and your pay cut a) the government owns houses and you pay rent for them 5. Despite all of this, USSR is still suffering from the Depression 6. QUOTAS NOT MET, PEOPLE DIED IN GULAGS OR MASS SHOOTINGS a) If quotas are continually not meet, you are either b) sent to Gulags which are prison camps in Sebria and sent to die c) Mass shootings of the entire collective make them strip naked and shoot them d) Then they bring in guys from the neighboring quotas, make them bury the people in the mass grave and give them all of the dead workers belongs

What is deficit spending

Used DEFICIT SPENDING to get the cash - borrow $ from future tax collections. paid for the new deal a) deficit spending: the government installment buying, the government going into debt the treasury prints bonds and sell them (20 year, 50 year, 75 years, 100 year) and people buy these bonds (people, other countries, manly the Fed) the government gets cash for the bonds, but then has to pay it off with interest b) today China owns most of our treasury bonds c) there are still wealthy people during the Great Depression d)Even though the US economy was broke, the United States government and the Fed still had money e) This is how the US government got cashed to prime the pump

what is vigilantism and what do the vigilantes continue from World War I during World War II

VIGILANTES again watch for SEDITION & disloyalty 1. vigilantes were patrolling the streets especially on the west coast 2. believed the Japanese were going to evade through the seawards 3. they were taking the law in their own hands and harassing people they believed were not a hundred percent loyal 4. World War I all over again

What is the NLRB

WAGNER ACT 1. The Supreme Court decisions in 1935 to strike down the National Industrial Recovery Act also invalidated Section 7(a) of the act, which had guaranteed workers the right to organize and bargain collectively 2. A group of progressives in Congress led by Senator Robert E Wagner of New York introduced what became the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 2. The new law, popularly known as the Wagner Act, provided workers with a crucial enforcement mechanism missing from the 1933 law; The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) which would have power to compel employers to recognize the bargain with legitimate unions 3. The president was not entirely happy with the bill, but he signed it anyway a) That was in large because American workers themselves had by 1935 become so important and vigorous a force that Roosevelt realized his own political future would depend in part on responding to their demands

What are the causes of the failure of European democracies

Why did the parliamentary democracies in Europe fail? 1. Europeans used to monarchies so transition to TOTALITARIAN DICTATORS/ TOTALITARIANISM was easier than democracy for them. 2. Also world-wide economic depression - more severe in Europe (especially Germany) a) The democracies of Europe were having a hard time dealing with the depression b) Germany was hit the hardest 3. Impact of Versailles on Germany and other nations in Europe a) The nations did not have an economic history so they did not know how to solve the problem b) Prices rose like crazy and none of the democracies could solve it c) NEW COUNTRIES WEAK AND DIVIDED ALONG ETHNIC LINES-RACISM d) Yugoslavia, for example, was made up of seven kingdoms that did not get along/ e) Christians and the Muslims that lived their were natural enemy 4. Nationalism rose due to competition for scarce resources/foolishness of Versailles Treaty again nationalism rose because their are scared resources in the economy a) nationalist believed that their countries could take the limited resources from an inferior culture b) no matter what the consequences are c) The inferior nations did not deserve the resources d) The map drawn by the Versailles treaty made the nationalism possible

What was american women's role in the military?

Women in the military, clerks, aids, drivers, pilots, nurses, etc. 250,000 served. Same pay if did same work 1. Even within the military, which enlisted substantial numbers of women as WACs (army) and WAVEs (navy), most females work was clerical 2. In world war I, women were allowed to enlist in the army and navy and be paid as a nurse a) women were always volunteering nurses 3. In World War II, women would fill every role possible, expect combat a) needed all men as soldiers, so if a woman could do their job, they did it b) women could be pilots but they never flew into war zones 4. ARMY PAID EQUAL PAY FOR EQUAL WORK a) Combat does get paid more than non-combat jobs b) This was unheard of c) it encouraged women to volunteer

What was american women's role in the military? Who is Rosie the Riveter?

Women/minorities into factories again. Women in heavy industry this time. Propaganda-"ROSIE the Riveter 1. Rosie the Riveter: a famous poster propaganda in World War II a) she has a variety of faces and color of races b) a riveter was what women did in the big factories c) rivets are a fastener that hold metal to metal d) usually fired out of rivets guns e) Women would never have worn blue denim work shirt like Rosie f) this type of shirt would have only bee in men's sizes g) this is not everyday fashion, but women often wore the headbands to keep the hair out of what you were doing and to keep it clean h) other pictures have her wearing overalls i) Rosie would not be wearing mascara in real life j) Women had to be told and convinced that they could work in men's factories because it was supposed to be a guy thing because it was dirty and dangerous and women did not do that k) they were afraid they would lose their femininity idea: you can do this and no will think you are a guy l) today: female empowerment m) then: included females in nationalism n) get more men to start working because if a woman can work in the factory then so can they o) TO ENCOURAGE WOMEN TO WORK IN THE FACTORIES p) Women were afraid if they worked in the factories, they would be considered masculine and would not find a husband 2. MILITARY STARTED CALLING WOMEN AMERICA'S SECRET WEAPON CAUSE THEY TURNED OUT SO MUCH IN THE FACTORIES 3. The war drew increasing numbers of women into roles from which, by wither custom or law, the had been largely barred 4. The number of women in the workforce increased by nearly 60% and women accounted for a third of paid workers in 1945 (as opposed to a quarter in 1940) a) These wage earning women were more likely to be married and older than most women who had entered the workforce in the past b) Many women entered the industrial workforce to replace male workers serving in the military but while economic and military necessity eroded some of the popular objections to women in the workplace, obstacles remain c) Many factory owners continued to categorize jobs by gender( Female work, like male work was also categorized by race, black women were usually assigned more menial tasks, and paid at a lower rate, than their white counterparts) d) Employers also made substantial investments in automated assembly lines to reduce the need for heavy labor e) Special recruiting materials for women made domestic analogies f) Cutting airplanes wings was compared to making a dress pattern, mixing chemicals to making a cake g) Still women did make important inroads in industrial employment during the war 5. Women had been working in industry for over a century, but some began now to take on heavy industrial jobs that had long been considered "men's work a) the famous wartime image of "Rosie the Riveter" symbolized the new importance of the female industrial workforce b) Women workers joined unions in substantial numbers, and they helped erode at least some of the prejudice, including the prejudice against working mothers, that had previously kept many of them from paid employment c) Most women workers during the war were employed not in factories but in service-sector jobs d) Above all, they worked for the government, whose bureaucratic needs expanded dramatical alongside its military and industrial needs e) Washington DC in particular was flooded with young female clarks, secretaries, and typists known as government girls most of whom lived in cramped quarters in boarding horses, private homes, and government dormitories and worked long hours in the war agencies f) Public and private clerical employment for women expanded in other urban areas as well, creating high concentrations of young women in places largely depleted of young men 6. The new opportunities produced new problems a) Many mothers whose husbands were in the military had to combine working with caring for their children b) the scarcity of child care facilities or other community services meant that some women had no choice but to leave young children, often known as latchkey children, or eight hour orphans, at home alone (or sometimes locked in cars in factory parking lots) while they worked c) Perhaps in part because of the family dislocations the war produced, juvenile crime rose markedly in the war years d) Young boys were arrested at rapidly increasing rates for car theft and burglary, vandalism, and vagrancy e) The arrest rate for prostitutes, many whom were teenage girls, rose too, as did the incidences of sexually transmitted disease f) For many children, however, the distinctive experience of the war years was not crime but work g) More than a third of all teenagers between the ages of fourteen and eighteen were employed late in the war, causing some reductions in high school enrollments 7. The return of prosperity during the war helped increase the rate and lower the age of marriage after the Depression declined, but many of these young marriages were unable to survive the pressures of wartime separation a) The divorce rate rose rapidly b) the rise in the birth rate that accompanied the increase in marriage was the first sign of what would become the great postwar "baby boom"

What is social security?

a system of old age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped pays people too old or infirm to work 1. Money is taken out of paychecks to support people who are retiring and those with disabilities (people that can't work) 2. government takes money out of people's paychecks and gives it to retirees and those with special need once a month 3. In 1935, Roosevelt gave public support to what became the Social Security Act, which Congress passed the same year 4. It established several distinct programs For the elderly, there were two types of assistance a) Those who were presently destitute could receive up to $15 a month in federal assistance b) More important for the future, many Americans presently working were incorporated into a pension system, to which they and their employers would contribute by paying a payroll tax; it would provide them with an income on retirement c) Pension payments would not begin until 1942 and even then would provide only $10 to $85 a month to recipients d) And broad categories of workers (including domestic servants and agricultural laborers, occupations with disproportionate numbers of blacks and women) were excluded from the program e) But the act was a crucial first step in building the nation's most important social program for the elderly 5. In addition, the Social Security Act created a system of unemployment insurance, which employers alone would finance and which made it possible for workers laid off from their jobs to receive temporary government assistance a) It also established a limited system (later expanded) of federal aid to people with disabilities and a program of aid to dependent children b) The framers of The social Security Act wanted to create a system of insurance not welfare c) And the largest programs (old age pensions and unemployment insurance were in many ways similar to private insurance programs with contributions from participants and benefits available to all d) But the act also provided considerable direct assistance based on need, to the elderly poor, to hose with disabilities, to dependent children and their mothers e) These groups were widely perceived to be small and genuinely unable to support themselves f) But in later generations the programs for these groups would expand considerably g) Through the Social Security Act, pensions and unemployment insurance, both structured initially to assist mostly men h) The principal government aid to women was not work relief but cash assistance, most notably through the Aid to Dependent Children program of Social Security, which was designed largely to assist single mothers i) This disparity in treatment reflected a widespread assumption that men constituted the bulk of the paid workforce and that women needed to be treated within the context of family j) In face, millions of women were already employed by the 1930s

What is the brain trust

group that thunk-er up (made the program up) 1. he hired/invited the smartest people in the country to come to DC and help him solve the Depression 2. this immediately gets the people happy a) he communicates this plan with them 3. FDR is smart enough to know that he does not know it all and need some help 4. He called this is brain trust