Chapter 24 - The Digestive System TB

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the

. C) stomach

Match the proenzyme on the left (1-3) with the correct enzyme activator on the right (4-6). 1. pepsinogen 4. enteropeptidase 2. trypsinogen 5. hydrochloric acid 3. procarboxypeptidase 6. trypsin

1 and 5; 2 and 4; 3 and 6

Match the gastric phase on the left (1-3) with the correct description on the right (4-6): 1. intestinal phase 4. prepares stomach for arrival of food 2. gastric phase 5. stomach empties and decreases secretions 3. cephalic phase 6. stomach secretes juice and mixes food into chyme

1 and 5; 2 and 6; 3 and 4

There are normally a total of ________ deciduous teeth.

20

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,

CNS sensory or cognitive activation increases neural stimulation of the stomach.

Why do circular muscles contract behind the bolus while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus?

Circular muscles contract behind the bolus to push the bolus forward while longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus to shorten that segment of the digestive tract.

________ are also known as canines.

Cuspids

________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing.

Cuspids

________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of irregular plates converging toward a central vein.

Hepatocytes

________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping.

Incisors

Which of the following is true regarding the production of intestinal juice?

Local reflexes and parasympathetic stimulation increase the production of intestinal juice.

________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for crushing and grinding.

Molars

Which of the following is false concerning the process known as cotransport?

Only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported.

Which of the following statements is not true of swallowing?

Primary peristaltic waves are controlled by the facial nerves.

Which of the following is true regarding digestion and absorption in the stomach?

Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

Which of the following is true regarding lactose intolerance?

The intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase.

Which is not true of pancreatic enzymes?

Their primary site of action is the pancreas.

________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity.

Three

Motility in the small intestines is controlled in part by all of the following except

VIP.

Stimulation of gastric stretch receptors causes all of the following except

a decrease in myenteric plexus stimulation.

The greater omentum is

a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera.

A drug that blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells would result in

a higher pH during gastric digestion.

The mesocolon is

a mesentery associated with a portion of the large intestine.

Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result, you would expect Mary to be at risk for

abnormal erythropoiesis.

The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following except

absorption of monosaccharides.

Functions of the stomach include all of the following except

absorption of triglycerides.

A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect all of the following except

absorption of water in the large intestines

The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract lumen across the epithelium is called

absorption.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term pancreatic juice?

alkaline mixture of enzymes, water and ions produced by acinar cells

If the pancreatic duct was obstructed, you would expect to see elevated blood levels of

amylase.

Each of the following is a function of the liver except

antibody production.

A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the

appendix.

Your patient with liver failure has a firm, rounded abdomen due to accumulation of fluid. This is known clinically as

ascites.

The location of the palatine tonsil in the oral cavity is

between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.

Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by

bicarbonate from the pancreas.

Which of the following is not a digestive enzyme?

bile

The duodenal ampulla receives secretions from the

bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

The fusion of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct forms the

bile duct.

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the

bladder

In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the

blood levels of secretin rise.

The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the

body

During deglutition, which of the following phases is first?

buccal

The oral cavity is also known as the ________ cavity.

buccal

Becky is experiencing indigestion and pain. The doctor also notes ascites formation in her abdomen. What is ascites?

buildup of peritoneal fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Name the region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus.

cardia

To which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect?

cardia

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term cholecystokinin (CCK)?

causes gallbladder to contract

The pouchlike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the

cecum.

The root of a tooth is covered by

cement

Which of the following is not a component of the portal triad found at the edges of a liver lobule?

central vein

In the center of a liver lobule there is a

central vein.

Inflammation of the gallbladder is termed

cholecystitis

Triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids and fat-soluble vitamins that are coated with proteins are called

chylomicrons

A feature of the digestive tract wall that increases surface area available for absorption is the

circular folds.

Which of these digestive structures is not necessary for life?

colon

Which structure is not found in the oral cavity?

conchae

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus?

coordinates activity of muscularis externa

The absorption of some sugars in the small intestine involves

cotransport

The first teeth to appear are the ________ teeth.

deciduous

A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would

decrease intestinal motility.

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

dentin.

At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the

descending colon.

Within the oral cavity, both mechanical and chemical ________ begin.

digestion

Pancreatic juice enters the small intestine at the

duodenal papilla.

Submucosal glands that secrete mucus are characteristic of the

duodenum

The part of the small intestine most likely to develop an ulcer from exposure to gastric juice is the

duodenum

Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on all of the following except

emulsification forming small micelles.

Bile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets.

emulsifying

The crown of a tooth is covered by

enamel.

An intestinal hormone that stimulates mucin production by the submucosal duodenal glands is

enterocrinin.

Hormones are released from the mucosa layer by these cells?

enteroendocrine cells

The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the

entry of food into the stomach.

All of the following contain mucous cells in the epithelium except the

esophagus.

Haustra are

expansible pouches of the colon.

Which of the following has an association with the fetal umbilical vein?

falciform ligament

The structure that marks the division between the right and left lobes of the liver is the

falciform ligament.

Blockage of the common hepatic duct would interfere with digestion of

fats.

What stimulates stretch receptors in the rectum?

feces causing distension in the rectum

The process of defecation eliminates

feces.

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

filtration

Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase into glucose and

fructose.

Bile is stored in the

gallbladder

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

An intestinal hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is

gastrin

G cells of the stomach secrete

gastrin

Which reflex is stimulated by stretch receptors in the stomach to increase motility and secretions along the small intestines?

gastroenteric reflex

The ridge of oral mucosa that surrounds the base of a tooth is the

gingiva.

Hillary could not suckle milk properly due to the inability to protrude her tongue. The physician diagnosed her with

glossopharyngitis.

Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen?

greater omentum

A blockage of the ducts from the parotid glands would

interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.

Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom?

jaundice

A surgical procedure to promote rapid weight loss is removal of most of the

jejunum

The middle segment of the small intestine is the

jejunum

The villi are most developed in the

jejunum

The oral mucosa in much of the oral cavity such as the roof of the mouth and the surface of the tongue is comprised of ________ epithelium.

keratinized stratified squamous

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably

lactose.

The layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium is the

lamina propria.

Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials?

large intestine

What provides access for blood vessels entering and leaving the liver?

lesser omentum

The ________ are double sheets of peritoneal membrane that suspend the visceral organs and carry nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.

mesenteries

The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called

mesenteries.

The ________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement.

mesentery proper

Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts are called

micelles.

Brush border enzymes are found in the

microvilli.

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the

mouth

The gastroileal reflex

moves some chyme to the colon

The lamina propria and mucous epithelium are components of the

mucosa.

The esophagus has several variations from the standard plan of the GI tract. These include

muscularis externa has some skeletal muscle

Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase?

parotid

Functions of the tongue include all of the following except

partitioning the oropharynx from the nasopharynx.

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Each tooth is held in the alveolar socket by the

periodontal ligament.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called

peristalsis

Circular folds are

pleats in the lining of the small intestine.

The enzyme amylase digests

polysaccharides

A blood clot blocking flow through the liver might cause

portal hypertension.

The uvula is located at the

posterior margin of the soft palate.

All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion except that it

precedes the gastric phase.

The enzyme pepsin digests

proteins

The part of a tooth that contains blood vessels and nerves is the

pulp cavity.

The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the

pyloric part.

Functions of the large intestine include

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.

Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the

rectum.

All of the following are true of the lining of the stomach except that it

recycles bile.

The defecation reflex involves

relaxation of both the internal and external anal sphincters

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term submucosal plexus?

sensory neural network

Which of the following is not a lobe of the liver?

sigmoid

The majority of nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestines.

D cells release ________, which inhibits the release of gastrin.

somatostatin

The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to

stimulate hunger.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term gastrin?

stimulates gastric secretion

Chemical protein digestion begins in the

stomach

The epithelium lining the oropharynx is

stratified squamous

The oral mucosa has ________ epithelium.

stratified squamous

The ________ salivary glands are covered by the mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth.

sublingual

Which salivary gland produces a mucous rich secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant?

sublingual

Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the

submucosa.

Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the

submucosal neural plexus.

Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in

swallowing

Which accessory organ of the digestive system does not produce any enzymes or digestive secretions?

teeth

Put the following steps of stomach acid production in the correct order starting with the reaction that requires an enzyme. 1. Carbonic acid dissociates. 2. Chloride ion combines with H+ in the gastric lumen. 3. Water and CO2 combine to form carbonic acid. 4. H+ and bicarbonate ion are transported into the gastric lumen. 5. Cl- diffuses into the gastric lumen.

3, 1, 4, 5, 2

There are normally a total of ________ permanent teeth.

32

Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer.

4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5

Place the following structures in order as food passes into them. 1. cecum 2. duodenum 3. ileum 4. jejunum 5. stomach

5, 2, 4, 3, 1

Which is not a reason the stomach is acidic?

Emulsification of lipids.

Chyme in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of what hormones in the digestive tract?

GIP, VIP, CCK, and secretin

Leptin is to satiety as ________ is to hunger.

Ghrelin

The ________ gland empties into the oral cavity at the level of the second upper molar.

parotid

The stomach is different from other digestive organs in that it

has three layers of muscle in the muscularis externa.

The essential functions of the liver include all of the following except

hormonal regulation.

Parietal cells secrete

hydrochloric acid.

Intrinsic and extrinsic movements of the tongue are controlled by the ________ cranial nerves.

hypoglossal

Which of the following is not involved in the regulation of gastric activity?

hypoglossal nerve

Peyer's patches are characteristic of the

ileum

The portion of the small intestine that attaches to the cecum is the

ileum

Which is not part of the large intestine?

ileum

Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you not expect to observe in Tony?

impaired erythropoiesis

Circular folds and intestinal villi

increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine

The connection of the anterior portion of the tongue to the underlying epithelium is the

lingual frenulum.

Identify the incorrect pairing.

liver; produces intrinsic factor

The basic functional units of the liver are the

lobules.

Distension of the gastric wall leads to secretion of histamines from the lamina propria. This is an example of ________ response.

local

The teniae coli are

longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall.

Products of fat digestion are transported initially by

lymphatic vessels.

Powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called

mass movements.

The technical term for chewing is

mastication

Digestion refers to the

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

Contraction of the ________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds.

muscularis mucosa

Sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is the

myenteric plexus.

Which of the following is not a pharyngeal muscle involved in swallowing?

omohyoid

Gastric pits are

openings into gastric glands.

Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the

oropharynx

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

pancreas

The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of

pancreatic acini.

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from

parasympathetic stimulation.

In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the ________ glands.

parotid

An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that coagulates milk proteins is

rennin

Which of the following enzymes is not produced by the pancreas?

rennin

In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

rich in bicarbonate ion.

In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid

rich in enzymes.

All of the following enhance the absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine except

rugae

The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called

rugae

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release a watery, bicarbonate-rich fluid is

secretin.

At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the

transverse colon.

An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is

trypsin

A proenzyme secreted by the pancreas is

trypsinogen

An obstruction of the bile duct often results in

undigested fat in the feces.

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the

uvula

The dangling process that aids in keeping food out of the nasopharynx is known as the

uvula.

The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the

vestibule.

Which of the following is not found in the large intestines?

villi