Chapter 24 Urinary System

An adult human kidney typically contains ______ renal pyramid(s).

8 to 15

Autonomic innervation of the kidney includes

Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T1-T2.

Which processes does urea undergo within the kidney?

It is filtered and can be reabsorbed and secreted.

What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Which of the following choices lists structures in the order in which urine flows through them?

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?

One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.

Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation. a: Capsular space of glomerulus b: Nephron loop c: Collecting duct d: Distal convoluted tubule e: Proximal convoluted tubule

a,e,b,d,c

Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid

are completely reabsorbed

Pain from the kidneys is usually referred by way of the

autonomic pathways to the inferior pelvic organs.

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of

blood in the glomerular capillaries.

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney results in

constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.

Stimulation of granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system causes them to

contract

The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _____ muscle.

detrusor

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they

drain into an arteriole instead of a venule.

Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by

engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane.

Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered ________ controls.

extrinsic

From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.

The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the

glomerulus

Generally, a very _______ percent of Na+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed, and the reabsorption takes place _________.

high; along the entire tubule

Normal urine has a specific gravity that is ________ than the specific gravity of pure water; dehydration leads to a __________ in the specific gravity of urine.

higher; increase

Pregnancy tests often involve checking the urine for the presence of

human chorionic gonadotropin

If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to

increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR.

The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to

increase urine volume and decrease blood volume.

Careful measurements of GFR are made by injection of _______, but approximations of GFR can be made more simply by measuring renal plasma clearance of _________.

insulin; creatinine

Immediately before blood enters arterioles of the kidney, it travels through small arteries that project peripherally into the renal cortex. These arteries are the

interlobular arteries

The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are

liters per minute

Peritubular capillaries tend to exhibit

low hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure.

Substances that are both filtered and reabsorbed have a renal plasma clearance that is _________ the GFR.

lower than

The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ________ and its ________ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule.

medulla; ascending

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located

near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder?

no exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder

The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is

osmosis through aquaporins.

In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete __________.

oxygen; erthropoietin

Cortical nephrons have their corpuscles near the _________ edge of the cortex and are the ______ common type of nephron.

peripheral; more

Urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is produced by

peristalsis of the ureters

The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and _________, and it restricts the passage of _________.

proteoglycans; plasma proteins

Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the

proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption.

The normal pH for urine

ranges between 4.5 and 8.0

Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule?

secretion and reabsorption only

The capsular hydrostatic pressure is generally ______ than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure; increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure _________ the formation of additional filtrate.

smaller; impede

Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of

sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption.

The renal threshold of a substance refers to

the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine.

In order to accommodate the large liver,

the right kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the left kidney.

Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop is called

tubular fluid

The word "countercurrent" within "countercurrent multiplier" refers to the opposite direction of flow of

tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop.

The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called

tubular secretion

Someone with a diet that is high in vegetables but low in animal protein is likely to have very active

type B cells, which secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+.

The ___________ transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

ureters

If there is an increase in systemic blood pressure, the resulting stretch of afferent arterioles results in reflexive

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.