Chapter 24 Urinary System
An adult human kidney typically contains ______ renal pyramid(s).
8 to 15
Autonomic innervation of the kidney includes
Cranial Nerve V and sympathetic nerves from T1-T2.
Which processes does urea undergo within the kidney?
It is filtered and can be reabsorbed and secreted.
What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?
Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
Which of the following choices lists structures in the order in which urine flows through them?
Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis
How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?
One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.
Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation. a: Capsular space of glomerulus b: Nephron loop c: Collecting duct d: Distal convoluted tubule e: Proximal convoluted tubule
a,e,b,d,c
Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid
are completely reabsorbed
Pain from the kidneys is usually referred by way of the
autonomic pathways to the inferior pelvic organs.
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of
blood in the glomerular capillaries.
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney results in
constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.
Stimulation of granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system causes them to
contract
The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _____ muscle.
detrusor
The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they
drain into an arteriole instead of a venule.
Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by
engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane.
Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered ________ controls.
extrinsic
From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.
The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the
glomerulus
Generally, a very _______ percent of Na+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed, and the reabsorption takes place _________.
high; along the entire tubule
Normal urine has a specific gravity that is ________ than the specific gravity of pure water; dehydration leads to a __________ in the specific gravity of urine.
higher; increase
Pregnancy tests often involve checking the urine for the presence of
human chorionic gonadotropin
If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to
increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR.
The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to
increase urine volume and decrease blood volume.
Careful measurements of GFR are made by injection of _______, but approximations of GFR can be made more simply by measuring renal plasma clearance of _________.
insulin; creatinine
Immediately before blood enters arterioles of the kidney, it travels through small arteries that project peripherally into the renal cortex. These arteries are the
interlobular arteries
The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are
liters per minute
Peritubular capillaries tend to exhibit
low hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure.
Substances that are both filtered and reabsorbed have a renal plasma clearance that is _________ the GFR.
lower than
The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ________ and its ________ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule.
medulla; ascending
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located
near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.
Which layer is not found in the wall of the urinary bladder?
no exceptions; all layers are found in the wall of the urinary bladder
The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is
osmosis through aquaporins.
In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete __________.
oxygen; erthropoietin
Cortical nephrons have their corpuscles near the _________ edge of the cortex and are the ______ common type of nephron.
peripheral; more
Urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is produced by
peristalsis of the ureters
The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and _________, and it restricts the passage of _________.
proteoglycans; plasma proteins
Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the
proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption.
The normal pH for urine
ranges between 4.5 and 8.0
Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule?
secretion and reabsorption only
The capsular hydrostatic pressure is generally ______ than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure; increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure _________ the formation of additional filtrate.
smaller; impede
Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of
sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption.
The renal threshold of a substance refers to
the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine.
In order to accommodate the large liver,
the right kidney is about 2 centimeters inferior to the left kidney.
Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop is called
tubular fluid
The word "countercurrent" within "countercurrent multiplier" refers to the opposite direction of flow of
tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop.
The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called
tubular secretion
Someone with a diet that is high in vegetables but low in animal protein is likely to have very active
type B cells, which secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+.
The ___________ transfer urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
ureters
If there is an increase in systemic blood pressure, the resulting stretch of afferent arterioles results in reflexive
vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.
