Carbs, Lipids, and Proteins
Usual symptoms of type 1 diabetes include ___________ _____________ ______________.
Excessive thirst, frequent urination, hunger
Which shape of the protein determines the function?
Tertiary
Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______, such as insulin and glucagon.
hormones
Proteins that are ______ are rarely absorbed from the digestive tract.
intact
After Carbohydrates are absorbed from the intestine, which of the following organs receives the absorbed carbohydrate first?
liver
______________ _____________ digests polysaccharides in the small intestine
pancreatic amylase
______ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood.
proteins
A diet excessive in ______ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc.
fiber
The ____ conversion of protein to amino acids takes place in the small intestine.
final
The blood proteins _______________ are important in maintaining fluid balance.
globulin and albumin
When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases __________ to raise blood glucose levels:
glucagon
Most digestible forms of carbohydrates are broken down to
glucose
What percentage of Americans shows the signs of lactose maldigestion?
25%
The adequate intake for fiber for women is _______g/day
25g/day
The adequate intake for fiber for men is _______g/day
38g/day
How much energy does glucose provide per gram?
4 kcal
Of the total day's energy intake, most dietary guidelines recommend that carbohydrates provide ______% of energy.
45-65%
How many amino acids are considered essential?
9
Type 2 diabetes is associated with
Elevated fasting blood glucose, Obesity and insulin resistance
Which is the most widely used measure of protein quality?
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
This score is derived by multiplying a food's chemical score by its digestibility.
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)
Humans can NOT digest a carbohydrate if the glucose bond is ____.
a beta bond
A(n) _____________ ________ is composed of 4 elements: a nitrogen group, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group.
amino acid
Most of the ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins.
amino acids
What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
If carbohydrate intake is inadequate to maintain blood glucose levels, the liver is forced to make glucose from the ______ present in body tissues.
amino acids (this is when you lose muscle)
Humans can digest a carbohydrate if the glucose bond is ____.
an alpha bond
Pepsin acts to digest protein by ______ in the protein molecule.
breaking only a few peptide bonds
The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber ____ digested by enzymes in the human GI tract.
can NOT be
Amino acids that are dispensable _____.
can be made from other amino acids
The role of gastrin is to
control the release of pepsin. stimulate the production of acid in the stomach.
A high-fiber diet may ______ the availability of nutrients.
decrease
T or F: Hydrochloric acid in the stomach digests disaccharides to monosaccharides
false
T or F: Most lactose intolerant (LI) people should consume a diet with zero lactose in it
false
______ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol.
plant
Identify the different levels of protein organization. (Check all that apply.)
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
Amino acids are the basic elements used in the synthesis of ______.
protein
The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient _____________, which makes it a costly energy source of calories.
protein
The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes is _____.
protein
Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?
protein
Which nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues?
protein
Lactose maldigestion that occurs from a specific cause, such as long-standing diarrhea, and results in a decline in lactase production is considered ______ lactose maldigestion.
secondary
Chyme triggers the release of which hormones? (Check all that apply.)
secretin and CKK
Final digestion of protein occurs in the
small intestine
Where does the digestion of protein begin?
stomach
The amino acids needed for the synthesis of protein are supplied by
the diet and recycling of body protein.
What does n represent in the general chemical formula for carbohydrates: (CH2O)n?
the number of times the formula is repeated
Which hormone is made only from one amino acid?
thyroid hormone
T or F: Autoimmune attack on the pancreas is NOT associated with type 2 diabetes
true
T or F: Osteoporosis is NOT a long term complication of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes
true
The hormones secretin and CCK act to stimulate the pancreas to release
trypsin. chymotrypsin.
The general formula for carbohydrates is _____.
(CH2O)n
Why can't indispensable amino acids be made in our body? (Check all that apply.)
1.Cells can't make the amino acid fast enough to meet the body's needs. 2.Cells cannot attach an amino group to the carbon skeleton. 3.Cells can't make the carbon skeleton of the amino acid.
Proteins serve which of the following functions?
1.Proteins aid in cell synthesis. 2.Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions. 3.Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production.
How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?
1.Pump ions into and out of cells 2.Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH
Process of protein digestion
1.proteins partially digested in stomach by pepsin and hydrochloric acid 2.final digestion in small intestine 3.amino acids absorbed in portal vein and transported to liver 4.little dietary protein in feces
According to the US Dietary Guidelines, consumers should limit their intake of added sugars to ____ % of total energy.
10%
Egg white protein has a biological value of ___.
100
There are _____ nonessential amino acids.
11
What hormone stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid?
Gastrin
While _____________ suppresses gluconeogenesis, ____________ increases glycogen breakdown.
Insulin, glucagon
___________________ _________________and _____________ have higher rates of lactose intolerance (LI) compared to caucasians
Native Americans and Asians
Amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain _______________
Nitrogen
Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?
The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber.
Identify a key component of the immune system.
antibody proteins
When a person consumes fiber with inadequate fluid intake, which of the following can happen?
blockages in the intestine
Which of the following is classified as an insoluble fiber?
cellulose
__________ triggers the release of hormones from the walls of the small intestines that go on to stimulate the pancreas to release proteases.
chyme
Which structural proteins make up more than a third of the body protein? (Check all that apply.)
collagen myosin actin
Adequate fiber and water helps prevent
constipation
Hemorrhoids and diverticula may sometimes result from excessive straining during defecation due to
constipation
The 11 nonessential amino acids _____.
do not need to be present in the diet and can be made in our bodies
The main function of carbohydrates is ___________
energy
Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids?
help maintain body fluids
Except for _____, intact proteins are rarely absorbed from the digestive tract.
infants
The hormone listed below that functions to lower blood glucose levels is ____________
insulin
Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day), especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?
intestinal blockages and constipation
____________ splits the bond between glucose and galactose molecules
lactase
The principal sugar found in milk is ____.
lactose
When carbohydrates are in short supply, the ______ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues.
liver
If no glucose is available from dietary carbohydrate, glucose in the blood may be derived from ________ _________.
liver glycogen
Complications of uncontrolled diabetes include ________________, ________________, and ______________
loss of vision, metabolic syndrome, and neuropathy
What were some of the outcomes for the DPP Lifestyle Change Program after 3 years?
major drop in chances of developing type 2 diabetes and delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes with the healthy habits learned through the program
In which part of the GI tract does a minor amount of carbohydrate digestion begin?
mouth
The digestion of carbohydrates by enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?
mouth and small intestine
The hormones secretin and CCK are made in the small intestine but act upon the
pancreas
Which of the following dietary fibers are classified as soluble fibers?
pectins and mucilages
This enzyme is produced by the stomach to break down protein.
pepsin
Foods that are good sources of carbohydrate include peas, dried beans, and dairy. In these foods, the carbohydrate content is diluted with _____.
protein and fat
what occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?
protein equilibrium
Which cells in the body or body tissue derive almost all of their energy from glucose?
red blood cells and central nervous system
