Carbs, Lipids, and Proteins

Usual symptoms of type 1 diabetes include ___________ _____________ ______________.

Excessive thirst, frequent urination, hunger

Which shape of the protein determines the function?

Tertiary

Amino acids are important in the synthesis of many ______, such as insulin and glucagon.

hormones

Proteins that are ______ are rarely absorbed from the digestive tract.

intact

After Carbohydrates are absorbed from the intestine, which of the following organs receives the absorbed carbohydrate first?

liver

______________ _____________ digests polysaccharides in the small intestine

pancreatic amylase

______ help regulate acid-base balance in the blood.

proteins

A diet excessive in ______ may decrease the absorption of essential minerals such as iron and zinc.

fiber

The ____ conversion of protein to amino acids takes place in the small intestine.

final

The blood proteins _______________ are important in maintaining fluid balance.

globulin and albumin

When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases __________ to raise blood glucose levels:

glucagon

Most digestible forms of carbohydrates are broken down to

glucose

What percentage of Americans shows the signs of lactose maldigestion?

25%

The adequate intake for fiber for women is _______g/day

25g/day

The adequate intake for fiber for men is _______g/day

38g/day

How much energy does glucose provide per gram?

4 kcal

Of the total day's energy intake, most dietary guidelines recommend that carbohydrates provide ______% of energy.

45-65%

How many amino acids are considered essential?

9

Type 2 diabetes is associated with

Elevated fasting blood glucose, Obesity and insulin resistance

Which is the most widely used measure of protein quality?

Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score

This score is derived by multiplying a food's chemical score by its digestibility.

Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS)

Humans can NOT digest a carbohydrate if the glucose bond is ____.

a beta bond

A(n) _____________ ________ is composed of 4 elements: a nitrogen group, an acid, a hydrogen, and a side group.

amino acid

Most of the ______ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins.

amino acids

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

amino acids

If carbohydrate intake is inadequate to maintain blood glucose levels, the liver is forced to make glucose from the ______ present in body tissues.

amino acids (this is when you lose muscle)

Humans can digest a carbohydrate if the glucose bond is ____.

an alpha bond

Pepsin acts to digest protein by ______ in the protein molecule.

breaking only a few peptide bonds

The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber ____ digested by enzymes in the human GI tract.

can NOT be

Amino acids that are dispensable _____.

can be made from other amino acids

The role of gastrin is to

control the release of pepsin. stimulate the production of acid in the stomach.

A high-fiber diet may ______ the availability of nutrients.

decrease

T or F: Hydrochloric acid in the stomach digests disaccharides to monosaccharides

false

T or F: Most lactose intolerant (LI) people should consume a diet with zero lactose in it

false

______ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol.

plant

Identify the different levels of protein organization. (Check all that apply.)

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

Amino acids are the basic elements used in the synthesis of ______.

protein

The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from the nutrient _____________, which makes it a costly energy source of calories.

protein

The nutrient that serves in the regulation and maintenance of the human body by aiding in fluid balance, cell synthesis and repair, and visual processes is _____.

protein

Which macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

protein

Which nutrient plays a vital role in providing structural support to body cells and tissues?

protein

Lactose maldigestion that occurs from a specific cause, such as long-standing diarrhea, and results in a decline in lactase production is considered ______ lactose maldigestion.

secondary

Chyme triggers the release of which hormones? (Check all that apply.)

secretin and CKK

Final digestion of protein occurs in the

small intestine

Where does the digestion of protein begin?

stomach

The amino acids needed for the synthesis of protein are supplied by

the diet and recycling of body protein.

What does n represent in the general chemical formula for carbohydrates: (CH2O)n?

the number of times the formula is repeated

Which hormone is made only from one amino acid?

thyroid hormone

T or F: Autoimmune attack on the pancreas is NOT associated with type 2 diabetes

true

T or F: Osteoporosis is NOT a long term complication of uncontrolled type 2 diabetes

true

The hormones secretin and CCK act to stimulate the pancreas to release

trypsin. chymotrypsin.

The general formula for carbohydrates is _____.

(CH2O)n

Why can't indispensable amino acids be made in our body? (Check all that apply.)

1.Cells can't make the amino acid fast enough to meet the body's needs. 2.Cells cannot attach an amino group to the carbon skeleton. 3.Cells can't make the carbon skeleton of the amino acid.

Proteins serve which of the following functions?

1.Proteins aid in cell synthesis. 2.Proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions. 3.Proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production.

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

1.Pump ions into and out of cells 2.Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Process of protein digestion

1.proteins partially digested in stomach by pepsin and hydrochloric acid 2.final digestion in small intestine 3.amino acids absorbed in portal vein and transported to liver 4.little dietary protein in feces

According to the US Dietary Guidelines, consumers should limit their intake of added sugars to ____ % of total energy.

10%

Egg white protein has a biological value of ___.

100

There are _____ nonessential amino acids.

11

What hormone stimulates the stomach's parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid?

Gastrin

While _____________ suppresses gluconeogenesis, ____________ increases glycogen breakdown.

Insulin, glucagon

___________________ _________________and _____________ have higher rates of lactose intolerance (LI) compared to caucasians

Native Americans and Asians

Amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain _______________

Nitrogen

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber.

Identify a key component of the immune system.

antibody proteins

When a person consumes fiber with inadequate fluid intake, which of the following can happen?

blockages in the intestine

Which of the following is classified as an insoluble fiber?

cellulose

__________ triggers the release of hormones from the walls of the small intestines that go on to stimulate the pancreas to release proteases.

chyme

Which structural proteins make up more than a third of the body protein? (Check all that apply.)

collagen myosin actin

Adequate fiber and water helps prevent

constipation

Hemorrhoids and diverticula may sometimes result from excessive straining during defecation due to

constipation

The 11 nonessential amino acids _____.

do not need to be present in the diet and can be made in our bodies

The main function of carbohydrates is ___________

energy

Blood proteins have what type of influence on body fluids?

help maintain body fluids

Except for _____, intact proteins are rarely absorbed from the digestive tract.

infants

The hormone listed below that functions to lower blood glucose levels is ____________

insulin

Which of the following are health conditions associated with a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day), especially when combined with inadequate fluid intake?

intestinal blockages and constipation

____________ splits the bond between glucose and galactose molecules

lactase

The principal sugar found in milk is ____.

lactose

When carbohydrates are in short supply, the ______ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues.

liver

If no glucose is available from dietary carbohydrate, glucose in the blood may be derived from ________ _________.

liver glycogen

Complications of uncontrolled diabetes include ________________, ________________, and ______________

loss of vision, metabolic syndrome, and neuropathy

What were some of the outcomes for the DPP Lifestyle Change Program after 3 years?

major drop in chances of developing type 2 diabetes and delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes with the healthy habits learned through the program

In which part of the GI tract does a minor amount of carbohydrate digestion begin?

mouth

The digestion of carbohydrates by enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

mouth and small intestine

The hormones secretin and CCK are made in the small intestine but act upon the

pancreas

Which of the following dietary fibers are classified as soluble fibers?

pectins and mucilages

This enzyme is produced by the stomach to break down protein.

pepsin

Foods that are good sources of carbohydrate include peas, dried beans, and dairy. In these foods, the carbohydrate content is diluted with _____.

protein and fat

what occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

protein equilibrium

Which cells in the body or body tissue derive almost all of their energy from glucose?

red blood cells and central nervous system