exam 4
What is the average cardiac output of a normal male at rest? An athlete during strenuous exercise
5l/m 30l/m
List the four blood groups and describe their characteristics
A-has only the A antigen on red cells B-has only the B antigen on red cells AB-has both A and B antigens on red cells O-has neither A nor B antigens on red cell
Describe the path followed by one molecule of blood as it travels from the right atrium through the heart and back to the right atrium
As the atrium contracts, blood flows from your right atrium into your right ventricle through the open tricuspid valve
How does the arterial pressure determine the ventricular pressure
During exercise, the cardiac output increases more than the total resistance decreases, so the mean arterial pressure usually increases by a small amount
List and describe the factors that control erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin (Epo) and stem cell factor (SCF) are essential factors in the controlof survival, expansion and differentiation of erythroid progenitors. Upon activation, their receptors, the EpoR and c-Kit, initiate multiple signalling pathways that controlmany cellular processes
What causes a heart murmur
Heart valve abnormalities. Exercise, pregnancy, and anemia can all causea high blood flow. Problems with a valve in the heart, such as aortic stenosis or a bicuspid aortic valve, can lead to a heart murmur
List and describe the factors responsible for control of heart rate
High temperatures and humidity, which can increase heart rate The position of your body during the first 20 seconds after standing up Strong emotions Obesity Medication
Blood is composed of two main components. Plasma and formed elements. Indicate the components of the plasma and list and describe each of the formed elements
Plasma contains about 90 percent water, with 10 percent being made up of ions, proteins, dissolved gases, nutrient molecules, and wastes. The proteins in plasma include the antibody proteins, coagulation factors, and the proteins albumin and fibrinogen which maintain serum osmotic pressure
List and describe the factors responsible for control of stroke volume of the heart
Preload: The filling pressure of the heart at the end of diastole. Contractility: The inherent vigor of contraction of the heart muscles during systole. Afterload: The pressure against which the heart must work to eject blood during systole
List and describe the two main factors that determine the cardiac output or minute volume of the heart
Primary factors include blood volume reflexes, autonomic innervation, and hormones
Why is the velocity of the blood flow greatest in the aorta and least in the capillaries
Slowest in the capillaries, which allows time for exchange of gases and nutrients
Describe the location and the structure of the heart
The heart can be found at the center of the chest, underneath the sternum in a thoracic compartment. It is made up of four chambers and several valves that regulate the normal flow of blood within the body.
Describe the location and function of the main vessels of the pulmonary circuit
The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins.Transports oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where blood picks up a new blood supply
How do vaccinations protect us from disease
They prepare the body to fight disease without exposing it to disease symptoms. When foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses enter the body, immune cells called lymphocytes respond by producing antibodies, which are protein molecules
What is anemia
a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness
Describe the process of blood clotting
blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. vascular spasm, the formation of a platelet plug, and coagulation, in which clotting factors promote the formation of a fibrin clot.
Describe the location and function of the main vessels of the systemic circuit
carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues of the body
Describe the location, function, and action of the conduction system that allows the heart to contract as a rhythmic unit
consists of cardiac muscle cells and conducting fibers (not nervous tissue) that are specialized for initiating impulses and conducting them rapidly through the heart (see the image below). They initiate the normal cardiaccycle and coordinate the contractions of cardiac chambers. located at the top of the right atrium
List and briefly describe the components of the cardiovascular system
heart blood vessels blood Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body and removal of metabolic wastes.
What is the blood pressure? How is it measured? What effect does peripheral resistance have on blood pressure
indicates how much pressure your blood is exerting against your artery walls when the heart beats. with an instrument called a sphygmomanometer result in higher blood pressure.
What is an Rh factor
is a blood protein that plays a critical role in some pregnancies.
List the vessels of coronary circulation and the areas of the heart they serve
left main coronary that divides into left anterior descending and circumflex branches, and the right main coronary artery.
List the characteristics of blood
red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets, and other cell fragments, molecules, and debris
List and describe the three layers of tissue found in the large blood vessels
the innermost layer is called the tunica intima. The muscular middle layer is called the tunica media, and the outermost layer is called the tunica adventitia.
List and describe the two circuits that are part of the cardiovascular system
the systemic circuit, which takes blood from the heart to the body, and the pulmonary circuit, which takes blood from the heart to the lungs
Why do cardiologists take ECG's
to check for signs of heart disease
List and describe the three functions of blood
transport-gasses, nutrients, waste, hormone, heat protection- antibodies, platelet factors, leukocytes regulation-pH, and water balance
