Chapter 25
How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?
500 ml
About ___ milliliters of water are lost from the skin because of sweating and evaporation.
600
The normal range of blood pH is __________.
7.35 to 7.45
What hormone will cause decrease in ADH and water loss by the kidneys and therefore work to restore fluid homeostasis.
ANP
Determine the effect of hypocalcemia on the heart.
As a result of hypocalcemia, the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential is lengthened.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of ________.
Both juxtaglomerular and macula densa cells
Which of the following substances is the most acidic?
Gastric juice with a pH of 2
Which of the following ions is found primarily in the ECF?
HCO3-
What best describes hydrostatic pressure?
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE is the forcce that fluids exert against the capillary wall
Determine the effect of hypokalemia on resting membrane potential.
Hypokalemia causes the membrane potential to become hyperpolarized. Submit
Which of the following statements about ECF is correct?
It is made up of fluids such as plasma and interstitial fluid.
If you double the total amount of Na ions, but you also double the amount of water they are dissolved in, __________.
Na ion concentration will stay the same
Which of the following ions is a component of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone matrix?
PO4 3-
Calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys is stimulated by the hormone __________.
PTH
Which of the following is NOT a compensation for respiratory acidosis?
The kidney tubule cells will increase reabsorption of calcium ions from the filtrate. Submit
The hormone PTH causes __________.
a decrease in the reabsorption of phosphate ions
Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.
angiotensin-II and aldosterone
The bicarbonate ion is an example of a(n) __________.
base
Hydrogen ion secretion is coupled with:
bicarbonate ion reabsorption
When fewer hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate, how is blood pH affected?
blood pH decreases
The primary role of the phosphate buffer system is to __________.
buffer intracellular fluid (ICF)
Overhydration will cause __________.
cells to gain water
The following represents the main locations fluids are found in the human body. Rank these body fluids in order from the fluid that accounts for most in the human body to the fluid that accounts for the least.
cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid, plasma
A patient present with severe metabolic alkalosis. The appropriate respiratory compensation would be __________.
decreased respiratory rate
A child is brought to the ER after prolonged vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following is one of the symptoms this child will present with?
decreased urine production
Dehydration is defined as what?
decreased volume and increased concentration of the ECF.
What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
Decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is defined as:
dehydration
If urine specific gravity is high, it suggests ________.
dehydration
If urine pH is low, it suggests ________.
diet high in protein
In which part of the renal tube does aldosterone primarily target?
distal tubule
Why is filtration a passive process?
driven by blood pressure
Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?
edema
Which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water?
electrolyte
Classify sodium balance in the human body.
electrolyte balance
Which would NOT be able to pass through the filtration membrane of a functional nephron?
erythrocyte
Which of the following happens during compensation for alkalosis?
excretion of HCO3-
Suppressed ventilation from brainstem dysfunction leads to a pH imbalance known as metabolic acidosis. t/f
false
In a simulation of the filtration membrane, which substance should be able to pass through the dialysis tubing?
glucose
What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
hypothalamus
Which type of extracellular fluid (ECF) solution will cause a cell to gain water?
hypotonic
What leads to respiratory acidosis?
hypoventilation
Which of the following is a response mechanism for overhydration?
increased levels of ANP
The appropriate response to hyponatremia is __________.
increased reabsorption of sodium ions in the kidneys
A patient has been experiencing prolonged vomiting. Since she has lost many hydrogen ions, you predict her acid-base imbalance to be:
metabolic alkalosis
Water gained from metabolic reactions, such as oxidative catabolism, is called what?
metabolic water
What is the most potent stimulus of the thirst mechanism?
osmolarity of the ECF
Determine the pH value that represents a basic, or alkaline, solution.
pH of 10
Which hormone has NO role in potassium ion regulation?
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Which part of the renal tube is lined with simple cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli?
proximal tubule
Sarah was so upset and nervous that a snake was in her house that she began hyperventilating. Predict the acid-base imbalance created by her psychological state.
respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation causes __________, and hypoventilation causes __________.
respiratory alkalosis; respiratory acidosis
What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
sodium ion
If the Pco2 in the plasma increases, what effect will this have on plasma pH?
the pH will decrease
Why can't a plasma protein move through the dialysis tubing of the simulated filtration membrane?
too large
Aldosterone triggers the secretion of potassium ions (and hydrogen ions) and the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidney. t/f
true
Which structure plays a critical role in countercurrent exchanger?
vasa recta
