chapter 26 urinary
Adults produce about _____ L/day of glomerular filtrate and excrete about ____ L/day of urine.
150 to 180; 1 to 2
The _____ feeds into the glomerulus and the _____ drains the glomerulus.
afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole
Which molecule would you expect to have the most difficulty crossing the glomerular filtration membrane?
albumin
Kidney damage can cause ___, the excretion of protein in the urine.
albuminuria
___ is a hormone that regulates sodium reabsorption by the distal convoluted tubule.
aldosterone
Which of these is not part of a nephron?
collecting duct
By constricting the ___, angiotensin II maintains the blood pressure in the glomerulus even when systemic blood pressure drops.
efferent arteriole
The glomerulus has the highest blood hydrostatic pressure of any capillary bed in the body because it is drained by the ____ arteriole, which has ____ diameter than the arteriole feeding the glomerulus.
efferent; a smaller
A realistic value for ___ is about 180 L/day.
glomerular filtration rate
The ___ apparatus monitors the composition and concentration of the tubular fluid and adjusts the glomerular filtration rate.
juxtaglomerular
The afferent and efferent arterioles come in contact with the DCT just outside the glomerular capsule. This complex is called the
juxtaglomerular apparatus.
The concentration gradient is maintained in the renal medulla by _____ nephrons, which make up ____% of the nephrons.
juxtamedullary; 15
The ___ reflex involuntarily empties the bladder unless one consciously suppresses urination.
micturition
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
nephron loop (loop of Henle).
Each kidney has one million or more functional units called ___.
nephrons
The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the
proximal convoluted tubule.
The internal urethral sphincter is made up of _____ muscle and contracts in response to _____ stimulation.
smooth; sympathetic
The thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop is permeable to
sodium, potassium, and chloride ions but not water.
The kidneys secrete the enzyme renin, which
stimulates the formation of angiotensin I, which ultimately increases blood pressure.
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium.
transitional
The collecting duct reabsorbs not only water but also ___, thus contributing to the osmotic gradient of the renal medulla.
urea
The most abundant nitrogenous waste of the blood is _____.
urea
Urine is carried from the kidney to the bladder by a tube called the ___.
ureter
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
ureters
Urine is eliminated through the
urethra
The yellow color of urine is due to the pigment ___.
urochrome
The blood vessels of the renal medulla that run alongside the nephron loops are
vasa recta
The capillary bed associated with nephron loop in the juxtamedullary nephron is the
vasa recta.
There is one ___ for each nephron.
afferent arteriole
The kidneys do not
secrete hormones that stimulate thirst.
The average adult must excrete at least ___ of urine per day to maintain a safe and stable concentration of urea in the blood.
400 mL
___ is a hormone that regulates water permeability of the collecting duct.
Antidiuretic hormone
You found a high level of albumin in the urine. This was most likely caused by
a diet high in protein and low in carbohydrates.
The glomerular capsule and glomerulus make up
a renal corpuscle.
The kidney adds an hydroxyl group to calcidiol converting it to
active vitamin D.
Functions of the urinary system include
all ofthese -regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. -helping to stabilize blood pH. -conservation of valuable nutrients.
Urea is a combination of
ammonia and carbon dioxide.
The interlobar artery penetrates each renal column and gives off the _____ artery that runs at the boundary between the cortex and medulla.
arcuate
___ is the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
azotemia
The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of
both the collecting duct and the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.
cortex
The kidneys secrete the hormone _____, which stimulates RBC production.
erythropoietin
Uric acid is formed by the catabolism of _____, while creatinine is formed by the catabolism of _____.
fat; nucleic acids
Urine formation begins with the filtration of fluid from a spheroid capillary bed called the ___.
glomerulus
Urine normally contains all of the following except
glucose.
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
hilum.
Atrial natriuretic factor is secreted in response to
hypertension
If not for the countercurrent multiplier, the kidneys could not produce
hypertonic urine
The arcuate arteries travel at the junction of the medulla and cortex and give rise to ______ arteries, which pass outward into the cortex.
interlobular
Starting in the abdominal cavity and progressing dorsally, you would have to cut through the ___, in this order, to expose the kidney.
peritoneum, renal fascia, adipose capsule, and renal capsule
The glomerular filtrate most resembles
plasma
Special cells called _____ wrap _____ around the glomeruli to form negatively charged filtration slits.
podocytes; pedicles
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except
protein
Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the
renal corpuscle.
A low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) will cause the juxtaglomerular cells to release _____, which will _____.
renin; increase blood pressure
The total amount of fluid entering the capsular spaces of all the nephrons in a given time is called
the glomerular filtration rate.
Immediately after the arcuate artery, blood flows into
the interlobular arteries.
The three regions of the male urethra are
the prostatic, membranous, and penile.
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by
the proximal convoluted tubule.
If we follow the ureter into the kidney, we find that the first structure to arise from it is
the renal pelvis.
