Chapter 26(learn smart)
The maximum number of ATP generated by the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose is ____
32 (28-30 ATP but total 36-38 ATP)
heat transferred molecule to molecule; contact is required for energy transfer
conduction
Transfer of heat to moving fluid such as blood, air, or water
convection
The lipoprotein called ___ is produced by the liver and transports lipid to the adipose tissue for storage
VLDL
heat dissipated(散らす)as it breaks bonds between water molecules
evaporation
produce the sensation of hunger and stimulates the hypothalamus to release growth hormone releasing hormone
gherlin
During the postabsorptive state, the hormone ____ acts to increase the blood levels of glucose and lipids
glucagon
The synthesis of glycogen by polymerizing glucose is called ____
glycogenesis
signal satiety and terminates eating: prevents the stomach from emptying too quickly
peptide YY
The _____ state prevails when the stomach and small intestine are empty and the body's energy needs are met from stored fuels
postabsorptive
Our chief dietary source of nitrogen is the class of macromolecules called _______.
protein
In the presence of oxygen, ____ acid in term the mitochondria and is oxidized by aerobic respiration
pyruvic
emission of infrared energy(rays); contact is not required for energy transfer
radiation
True of false: elevated LDL is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
true
True or false: if glycogen and fat reserves are depleted, the body begins to use protein as fuel
true
The ___ cycle(citric acid cycle) is cyclic series of reactions that results in the complete breakdown of nutrient molecules into CO2, NADH, FADH2, water, and ATP
Krebs
Which vitamins are fat-soluble? select all that apply a) E b) A c) C d) D e) K f) B
a) E b) A d) D e) K
Which statements about dietary fat are true? select all that apply a) a well-nourished adult meets 80% to 90% of his or her resting energy needs from fat b) fat should account for no more than 30% of one's daily caloric intake c) people who ingest less than 20g of fat per day are at risk of vitamin deficiency d) fat should be completely eliminated from the diet if possible
a) a well-nourished adult meets 80% to 90% of his or her resting energy needs from fat b) fat should account for no more than 30% of one's daily caloric intake c) people who ingest less than 20g of fat per day are at risk of vitamin deficiency
Which tend to lower total metabolic rate? select all that apply a) depression b) regular exercise c) apathy d) prolonged starvation
a) depression c) apathy d) prolonged starvation
Total metabolic rate is the sum of basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure for which of the following? select all that apply a) digestion b) exercise c) sleep d) thermoregulation e) urination
a) digestion b) exercise d) thermoregulation
Based on their structure, sucrose, lactose, and maltose are classified as which of the following? a) disaccharides b) monosaccharides c) polysaccharides d) polypeptides
a) disaccharides
Cholesterol is a precursor for which of the following? select all that apply a) estrogen b) bile acids c) testosterone d) prostaglandins e) vitamin D
a) estrogen b) bile acids c) testosterone e) vitamin D Cholesterol is important for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D All steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol
A person's basal metabolic rate(BMR) is his or her metabolic rate during which of following states/situation? select all that apply a) in a postabsorptive state b) relaxed c) at a comfortable temperature d) asleep
a) in a postabsorptive state b) relaxed c) at a comfortable temperature
A person's basal metabolic rate(BMR) is his or her metabolic rate during which of following states/situations? select all that apply a) in a postabsorptive state b) relaxed c) at a comfortable temperature d) asleep
a) in a postabsorptive state b) relaxed c) at a comfortable temperature
Which hormone is most important in regulating the absorptive state? a) insulin b) epinephrine c) glucagon d) testosterone
a) insulin
Which are example of water-insoluble fiber? select all that apply a) lignin b) hemicellulose c) pectin d) cellulose
a) lignin b) hemicellulose d) cellulose
lactic acid is converted back to pyruvate in which organ? a) liver b) spleen c) lungs d) pancreas
a) liver
Which of the following produce body heat? select all that apply a) nutrient oxidation b) evaporation of sweat c) ATP use d) muscle contraction
a) nutrient oxidation c) ATP use d) muscle contraction
What is lipogenesis? a) producing fats from other types of molecules b) producing glucose from noncarbohydrates c) producing glycogen d) breakdown of triglycerides
a) producing fats from other types of molecules
Which are directly involved in the process of protein synthesis? select all that apply a) ribosomes b) tRNA c) DNA d) lysosomes e) mitochondria f) mRNA
a) ribosomes b) tRNA c) DNA f) mRNA
Which are examples of nonshivering thermogenesis? select all that apply a) sympathetic mediated increase in metabolic b) moving into the sun to get warmer c) break down of brown fat d) tiny alternating muscle contractions in antagonistic muscle pairs
a) sympathetic mediated increase in metabolic c) break down of brown fat It occurs mainly in brown fat(lesser degree in skeletal muscle, liver, brain, white fat)
Which result in a higher metabolic rate? select all that apply a) thyroid hormone release b) weight loss c) pregnancy d) anxiety e) depression
a) thyroid hormone release c) pregnancy d) anxiety
Which vitamins act as antioxidants? select all that apply a) vitamin A b) vitamin E c) vitamin C d) vitamin B e) vitamin K
a) vitamin A b) vitamin E c) vitamin C
Which of the six major classes of nutrients are considered micronutrients because only small quantities are required? select all that apply a) vitamins b) lipids c) carbohydrates d) minerals e) proteins f) water
a) vitamins d) minerals
When is deamination necessary? select all that apply a) when using protein fuel b) when using protein for gluconeogenesis c) when building polypeptides from amino acids d) when catabolizing fatty acids for ATP production
a) when using protein fuel b) when using protein for gluconeogenesis deamination=removal of amino group from amino acid or other group
When may ketoacidosis occur? select all that apply a) with untreated diabetes mellitus b) during starvation c) during pregnancy d) with a high carbohydrate diet
a) with untreated diabetes mellitus b) during starvation c) during pregnancy you don't have enough insulin in your body to process high levels of glucose in the blood
In a pathway called the urea cycle, the liver combines ____ with carbon dioxide to produce urea, a less toxic waste
ammonia
The products of complete glucose catabolism(oxidation) include which of the following? select all that apply a) fructose b) ATP c) water d) oxygen e) carbon dioxide
b) ATP c) water e) carbon dioxide
Which are fat-soluble vitamins? a) ascorbic acid b) calcitriol c) retinol d) niacin
b) calcitriol(vitamin D) c) retinol(vitamin A) (niacin = vitamin B3)
Use of a fan or breeze to cool the body is an example of which type of heat transfer? a) conduction b) convection c) evaporation d) radiation
b) convection
What must occur before an amino acid can be burned as fuel or used to produce glucose? a) ketogenesis b) deamination c) amination d) beta oxidation
b) deamination
Which term refers to nutrients that the body needs but is incapable of synthesizing in adequate amounts? a) RDAs b) essential nutrients c) enzymes d) empty calories
b) essential nutrients
Which factors have been shown to affect the set point for body weight in humans? select all that apply a) body type b) exercise habits c) hereditary factors d) eating habits e) skin color
b) exercise habits c) hereditary factors d) eating habits
Ketones are produced by the incomplete oxidation of which of the following? a) proteins b) fats c) glucose d) glycogen
b) fats
Which peptides are involved in short-term regulation of appetite? select all that apply a) bilirubin b) peptide YY c) ghrelin d) cholecystokinin
b) peptide YY(inhibit hunger) c) ghrelin(stimulate hunger) d) cholecystokinin(inhibit hunger)
Which are types of dietary fibers? a) starch and glycogen b) peptin and cellulose c) minerals and vitamins d) glucose and sucrose
b) peptin and cellulose
Which state is regulated mainly by the sympathetic nervous system and glucagon? a) absorptive b) postabsorptive
b) postabsorptive
Which individuals are likely to exhibit a state of positive nitrogen balance? select all that apply a) adults under high levels of stress b) pregnant women c) athletes in resistance training(building muscle) d) growing children
b) pregnant women c) athletes in resistance training(building muscle) d) growing children P=growth, hypothyroidism, tissue repair, and pregnancy N=urine, feces, sweat, hair, and skin
Which constitutes about 12 to 15 percent of the body's mass? a) water b) protein c) carbohydrate d) fat
b) protein water 60%/carbohydrate less 1%
Which are effect of peptide YY? select all that apply a) bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion b) satiety c) hunger d) decreased rate of stomach
b) satiety d) decreased rate of stomach
Which best describes the electron transport chain? a) a series of reaction occurring in the mitochondria in which carbohydrates, fats and proteins are converted into CO2,NADH,FADH2, and water b) series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP c) the hydrolysis of glycogen, releasing glucose d) the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate such as fats and amino acids
b) series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP(A is describes the Krebs cycle) a) citric acid cycle c) glycogenolysis d) gluconeogenesis
Which are end - products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose? select all that apply a) acetyl CoA b) water c) oxygen d) ATP e) pyruvic acid f) carbon dioxide
b) water d) ATP f) carbon dioxide
Which are examples of trace minerals? select all that apply a) calcium b) zinc c) copper d) sodium e) iodine
b) zinc c) copper e) iodine calcium and sodium are trace electrolyte
Fatty acids are broken down into 2-carbon acetyl groups during the process called____ oxidation
beta
High dietary intake of cholesterol causes the liver to do which of the following? a) increase rate of cholesterol synthesis b) decrease rate of bile synthesis c) decease rate of cholesterol synthesis d) increase rate of albumin synthesis
c) decease rate of cholesterol synthesis (because liver makes all cholesterol your body needs, cholesterol and other fats are carried in your bloodstream as lipoprotein)
Which are monosaccharides? select all that apply a) maltose b) sucrose c) glucose d) fructose e) galactose f) lactose
c) glucose d) fructose e) galactose
Which are effects of ghrelin? select all that apply a) a sensation of satiety and being full b) bile secretion c) growth hormone releasing hormone(GHRH) release d) hunger
c) growth hormone releasing hormone(GHRH) release d) hunger produce the sensation of hunger and stimulates the hypothalamus to release growth hormone releasing hormone
Which hormone is secreted by the pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated serum glucose levels, serves as an index of the body's fat stores, and has a small effect on appetite? a) glucagon b) cholecystokinin(CCK) c) insulin d) leptin
c) insulin(small effect appetite)
What are chylomicrons? a) lipoprotein that remove excess cholesterol from the body b) lipoprotein that carry cholesterol from circulation to liver c) lipoproteins that carry dietary fats from intestines to body cells d) lipoproteins that carry cholesterol from liver to body cells
c) lipoproteins that carry dietary fats from intestines to body cells
Which is a secretion of the arcuate nucleus that inhibits eating? a) oxytocin b) neuropeptide Y c) melanocortin d) insulin
c) melanocortin (NPY= stimulate hunger by ghrelin)
stimulates the secretion of bile and pancreatic enzymes; suppresses appetite
cholecystokinin(CCK)
The term ____ is used to describe an extreme wasting due to altered metabolism and loss of appetite(anorexia)拒食症
cachexia
Which mineral is involved in forming bone salts as well as having a role in nervous and muscle function?
calcium
Fat should account for no more than how much of your daily caloric intake? a) 5% b) 60% c) 50% d) 35%
d) 35%
Which nucleus, located in the hypothalamus, is an important brain center for appetite regulation? a) pituitary b) red nucleus c) optic nucleus d) arcuate nucleus
d) arcuate nucleus
What is glycogenolysis? a) production of glycogen b) splitting of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid c) production of glucose from non-carbohydrates d) breakdown of glycogen to release glucose
d) breakdown of glycogen to release glucose
What is lipolysis? a) production of glycogen b) production of triglycerides c) breakdown of glycogen d) breakdown of triglycerides
d) breakdown of triglycerides
Proteins that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions are said to be which of the following? a) nonessential b) essential c) incomplete d) complete
d) complete
Mary suffered excessive electrolyte loss in the sweat after running 3 miles. Her leg muscles being to experience cramping with no relief. Mary is complaining of which problem? a) cachexia b) heatstroke c) heat exhaustion d) heat cramps
d) heat cramps
Why to do higher glycemic index carbohydrates stimulate a higher insulin demand? a) they contain fewer calories and can cause hypoglycemia b) they contain more dietary fiber, which resists digestion c) they are digested more slowly, which causes a lower but much longer-lasting increase in blood glucose level d) they are digested more quickly and raise blood glucose levels more rapidly
d) they are digested more quickly and raise blood glucose levels more rapidly glycemic index carbohydrates=ranking carbohydrate based on how slowly or quickly they are digested and increase blood glucose levels over a period of time
Which is characteristic of vitamins? a) you can never have too much b) they are used as fuel c) they are inorganic elements d) they are necessary to metabolism
d) they are necessary to metabolism
Which term refers to the total sum of BMR and energy expenditure for voluntary activities, especially muscular contraction? a) total caloric intake b) partial metabolic intake c) total caloric reserve d) toral metabolic rate
d) toral metabolic rate
Monosacchrides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all forms of which type of nutrient? a) fat b) lipid c) protein d) mineral e) carbohydrate
e) carbohydrate
An important brain center for appetite regulation is the arcuate nucleus of the ______
hypothalamus
The hormone ____ functions to increase cellular absorption of glucose, stimulate glycogenesis, and inhibit gluconeogenesis in response to an elevated blood glucose level
insulin glucago(for low glucose)
After the NH2 group is removed from an amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is called a _______ acid.
keto
Low carb diets and untreated diabetes mellitus are two causes of ketone body accumulation, a condition called ______
ketosis(pregnancy, starvation, diabetes mellitus tend to depress nerve system)
Anaerobic fermentation results in pyruvic acid being reduced to ___ acid
lactic
Animals with a deficiency in the appetite-controlling substance called _______ exhibit hyperphagia (overeating) and extreme obesity.
leptin
Insulin and ___ work as "adiposity signals", informing the brain of how much adipose tissue the body has and activating mechanisms for adding or reducing fat
leptin
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
oxygen
State the specific term that describes homeostatic regulation of the body temperature within a narrow range
thermoregulation
The type of fat that is found predominately in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils is called ____ fat, based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids
unsaturated
component of the visual pigments; promotes proteoglycan synthesis; promotes epithelial maintenance; functions as an antioxidant
vitamin A
promotes hemoglobin and collagen synthesis; functions as an antioxidant
vitamin C
promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization
vitamin D
essential to prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting
vitamin K(in liver)
